Packet Data Convergence Protocol Packet Duplication Activation by a Base Station Central Unit

ABSTRACT

A base station distributed unit receives, from a base station central unit, at least one information element indicating activation of a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) packet duplication of at least one bearer of a wireless device. The base station distributed unit transmits, by and based on the activation: PDCP packets of the at least one bearer; and duplicated PDCP packets of the at least one bearer.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/146,693, filed Sep. 28, 2018, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/564,738, filed Sep. 28, 2017, andU.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/564,720, filed Sep. 28, 2017,which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

Examples of several of the various embodiments of the present inventionare described herein with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 1 is a diagram depicting example sets of OFDM subcarriers as per anaspect of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a diagram depicting an example transmission time and receptiontime for two carriers in a carrier group as per an aspect of anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a diagram depicting OFDM radio resources as per an aspect ofan embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a base station and a wireless device as peran aspect of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5A, FIG. 5B, FIG. 5C and FIG. 5D are example diagrams for uplinkand downlink signal transmission as per an aspect of an embodiment ofthe present invention.

FIG. 6 is an example diagram for a protocol structure withmulti-connectivity as per an aspect of an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 7 is an example diagram for a protocol structure with CA and DC asper an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 shows example TAG configurations as per an aspect of anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is an example message flow in a random access process in asecondary TAG as per an aspect of an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B are example diagrams for interfaces between a 5Gcore network (e.g. NGC) and base stations (e.g. gNB and eLTE eNB) as peran aspect of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11A, FIG. 11B, FIG. 11C, FIG. 11D, FIG. 11E, and FIG. 11F areexample diagrams for architectures of tight interworking between 5G RAN(e.g. gNB) and LTE RAN (e.g. (e)LTE eNB) as per an aspect of anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12A, FIG. 12B, and FIG. 12C are example diagrams for radio protocolstructures of tight interworking bearers as per an aspect of anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B are example diagrams for gNB deployment scenariosas per an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 14 is an example diagram for functional split option examples ofthe centralized gNB deployment scenario as per an aspect of anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 15 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 16 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 17 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 18 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 19 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 20 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 21 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 22 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 23 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 24 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 25 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 26 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 27 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 28 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 29 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 30 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 31 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 32 is a flow diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 33 is a flow diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 34 is a flow diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 35 is a flow diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 36 is a flow diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 37 is a flow diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 38 is a flow diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 39 is a flow diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 40 is a flow diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 41 is a flow diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 42 is a flow diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 43 is a flow diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 44 is a flow diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 45 is a flow diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 46 is a flow diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 47 is a flow diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 48 is a flow diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 49 is a flow diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 50 is a flow diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 51 is a flow diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 52 is a flow diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 53 is a flow diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Example embodiments of the present invention enable operation ofwireless communication systems. Embodiments of the technology disclosedherein may be employed in the technical field of multicarriercommunication systems. More particularly, the embodiments of thetechnology disclosed herein may relate to cellular wireless systems in amulticarrier communication systems.

The following Acronyms are used throughout the present disclosure:

ASIC application-specific integrated circuit

BPSK binary phase shift keying

CA carrier aggregation

CSI channel state information

CDMA code division multiple access

CSS common search space

CPLD complex programmable logic devices

CC component carrier

CP cyclic prefix

DL downlink

DCI downlink control information

DC dual connectivity

eMBB enhanced mobile broadband

EPC evolved packet core

E-UTRAN evolved-universal terrestrial radio access network

FPGA field programmable gate arrays

FDD frequency division multiplexing

HDL hardware description languages

HARQ hybrid automatic repeat request

IE information element

LTE long term evolution

MCG master cell group

MeNB master evolved node B

MIB master information block

MAC media access control

MAC media access control

MME mobility management entity

mMTC massive machine type communications

NAS non-access stratum

NR new radio

OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

PDCP packet data convergence protocol

PDU packet data unit

PHY physical

PDCCH physical downlink control channel

PHICH physical HARQ indicator channel

PUCCH physical uplink control channel

PUSCH physical uplink shared channel

PCell primary cell

PCell primary cell

PCC primary component carrier

PSCell primary secondary cell

pTAG primary timing advance group

QAM quadrature amplitude modulation

QPSK quadrature phase shift keying

RBG resource block groups

RLC radio link control

RRC radio resource control

RA random access

RB resource blocks

SCC secondary component carrier

SCell secondary cell

Scell secondary cells

SCG secondary cell group

SeNB secondary evolved node B

sTAGs secondary timing advance group

SDU service data unit

S-GW serving gateway

SRB signaling radio bearer

SC-OFDM single carrier-OFDM

SFN system frame number

SIB system information block

TAI tracking area identifier

TAT time alignment timer

TDD time division duplexing

TDMA time division multiple access

TA timing advance

TAG timing advance group

TTI transmission time intervalTB transport block

UL uplink

UE user equipment

URLLC ultra-reliable low-latency communications

VHDL VHSIC hardware description language

CU central unit

DU distributed unit

Fs-C Fs-control plane

Fs-U Fs-user plane

gNB next generation node B

NGC next generation core

NG CP next generation control plane core

NG-C NG-control plane

NG-U NG-user plane

NR new radio

NR MAC new radio MAC

NR PHY new radio physical

NR PDCP new radio PDCP

NR RLC new radio RLC

NR RRC new radio RRC

NSSAI network slice selection assistance information

PLMN public land mobile network

UPGW user plane gateway

Xn-C Xn-control plane

Xn-U Xn-user plane

Xx-C Xx-control plane

Xx-U Xx-user plane

Example embodiments of the invention may be implemented using variousphysical layer modulation and transmission mechanisms. Exampletransmission mechanisms may include, but are not limited to: CDMA, OFDM,TDMA, Wavelet technologies, and/or the like. Hybrid transmissionmechanisms such as TDMA/CDMA, and OFDM/CDMA may also be employed.Various modulation schemes may be applied for signal transmission in thephysical layer. Examples of modulation schemes include, but are notlimited to: phase, amplitude, code, a combination of these, and/or thelike. An example radio transmission method may implement QAM using BPSK,QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, and/or the like. Physical radiotransmission may be enhanced by dynamically or semi-dynamically changingthe modulation and coding scheme depending on transmission requirementsand radio conditions.

FIG. 1 is a diagram depicting example sets of OFDM subcarriers as per anaspect of an embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated in thisexample, arrow(s) in the diagram may depict a subcarrier in amulticarrier OFDM system. The OFDM system may use technology such asOFDM technology, DFTS-OFDM, SC-OFDM technology, or the like. Forexample, arrow 101 shows a subcarrier transmitting information symbols.FIG. 1 is for illustration purposes, and a typical multicarrier OFDMsystem may include more subcarriers in a carrier. For example, thenumber of subcarriers in a carrier may be in the range of 10 to 10,000subcarriers. FIG. 1 shows two guard bands 106 and 107 in a transmissionband. As illustrated in FIG. 1, guard band 106 is between subcarriers103 and subcarriers 104. The example set of subcarriers A 102 includessubcarriers 103 and subcarriers 104. FIG. 1 also illustrates an exampleset of subcarriers B 105. As illustrated, there is no guard band betweenany two subcarriers in the example set of subcarriers B 105. Carriers ina multicarrier OFDM communication system may be contiguous carriers,non-contiguous carriers, or a combination of both contiguous andnon-contiguous carriers.

FIG. 2 is a diagram depicting an example transmission time and receptiontime for two carriers as per an aspect of an embodiment of the presentinvention. A multicarrier OFDM communication system may include one ormore carriers, for example, ranging from 1 to 10 carriers. Carrier A 204and carrier B 205 may have the same or different timing structures.Although FIG. 2 shows two synchronized carriers, carrier A 204 andcarrier B 205 may or may not be synchronized with each other. Differentradio frame structures may be supported for FDD and TDD duplexmechanisms. FIG. 2 shows an example FDD frame timing. Downlink anduplink transmissions may be organized into radio frames 201. In thisexample, radio frame duration is 10 msec. Other frame durations, forexample, in the range of 1 to 100 msec may also be supported. In thisexample, each 10 ms radio frame 201 may be divided into ten equallysized subframes 202. Other subframe durations such as including 0.5msec, 1 msec, 2 msec, and 5 msec may also be supported. Subframe(s) mayconsist of two or more slots (e.g. slots 206 and 207). For the exampleof FDD, 10 subframes may be available for downlink transmission and 10subframes may be available for uplink transmissions in each 10 msinterval. Uplink and downlink transmissions may be separated in thefrequency domain. A slot may be 7 or 14 OFDM symbols for the samesubcarrier spacing of up to 60 kHz with normal CP. A slot may be 14 OFDMsymbols for the same subcarrier spacing higher than 60 kHz with normalCP. A slot may contain all downlink, all uplink, or a downlink part andan uplink part and/or alike. Slot aggregation may be supported, e.g.,data transmission may be scheduled to span one or multiple slots. In anexample, a mini-slot may start at an OFDM symbol in a subframe. Amini-slot may have a duration of one or more OFDM symbols. Slot(s) mayinclude a plurality of OFDM symbols 203. The number of OFDM symbols 203in a slot 206 may depend on the cyclic prefix length and subcarrierspacing.

FIG. 3 is a diagram depicting OFDM radio resources as per an aspect ofan embodiment of the present invention. The resource grid structure intime 304 and frequency 305 is illustrated in FIG. 3. The quantity ofdownlink subcarriers or RBs may depend, at least in part, on thedownlink transmission bandwidth 306 configured in the cell. The smallestradio resource unit may be called a resource element (e.g. 301).Resource elements may be grouped into resource blocks (e.g. 302).Resource blocks may be grouped into larger radio resources calledResource Block Groups (RBG) (e.g. 303). The transmitted signal in slot206 may be described by one or several resource grids of a plurality ofsubcarriers and a plurality of OFDM symbols. Resource blocks may be usedto describe the mapping of certain physical channels to resourceelements. Other pre-defined groupings of physical resource elements maybe implemented in the system depending on the radio technology. Forexample, 24 subcarriers may be grouped as a radio block for a durationof 5 msec. In an illustrative example, a resource block may correspondto one slot in the time domain and 180 kHz in the frequency domain (for15 KHz subcarrier bandwidth and 12 subcarriers).

In an example embodiment, multiple numerologies may be supported. In anexample, a numerology may be derived by scaling a basic subcarrierspacing by an integer N. In an example, scalable numerology may allow atleast from 15 kHz to 480 kHz subcarrier spacing. The numerology with 15kHz and scaled numerology with different subcarrier spacing with thesame CP overhead may align at a symbol boundary every 1 ms in a NRcarrier.

FIG. 5A, FIG. 5B, FIG. 5C and FIG. 5D are example diagrams for uplinkand downlink signal transmission as per an aspect of an embodiment ofthe present invention. FIG. 5A shows an example uplink physical channel.The baseband signal representing the physical uplink shared channel mayperform the following processes. These functions are illustrated asexamples and it is anticipated that other mechanisms may be implementedin various embodiments. The functions may comprise scrambling,modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued symbols, mappingof the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or severaltransmission layers, transform precoding to generate complex-valuedsymbols, precoding of the complex-valued symbols, mapping of precodedcomplex-valued symbols to resource elements, generation ofcomplex-valued time-domain DFTS-OFDM/SC-FDMA signal for each antennaport, and/or the like.

Example modulation and up-conversion to the carrier frequency of thecomplex-valued DFTS-OFDM/SC-FDMA baseband signal for each antenna portand/or the complex-valued PRACH baseband signal is shown in FIG. 5B.Filtering may be employed prior to transmission.

An example structure for Downlink Transmissions is shown in FIG. 5C. Thebaseband signal representing a downlink physical channel may perform thefollowing processes. These functions are illustrated as examples and itis anticipated that other mechanisms may be implemented in variousembodiments. The functions include scrambling of coded bits in each ofthe codewords to be transmitted on a physical channel; modulation ofscrambled bits to generate complex-valued modulation symbols; mapping ofthe complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several transmissionlayers; precoding of the complex-valued modulation symbols on each layerfor transmission on the antenna ports; mapping of complex-valuedmodulation symbols for each antenna port to resource elements;generation of complex-valued time-domain OFDM signal for each antennaport, and/or the like.

Example modulation and up-conversion to the carrier frequency of thecomplex-valued OFDM baseband signal for each antenna port is shown inFIG. 5D. Filtering may be employed prior to transmission.

FIG. 4 is an example block diagram of a base station 401 and a wirelessdevice 406, as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention.A communication network 400 may include at least one base station 401and at least one wireless device 406. The base station 401 may includeat least one communication interface 402, at least one processor 403,and at least one set of program code instructions 405 stored innon-transitory memory 404 and executable by the at least one processor403. The wireless device 406 may include at least one communicationinterface 407, at least one processor 408, and at least one set ofprogram code instructions 410 stored in non-transitory memory 409 andexecutable by the at least one processor 408. Communication interface402 in base station 401 may be configured to engage in communicationwith communication interface 407 in wireless device 406 via acommunication path that includes at least one wireless link 411.Wireless link 411 may be a bi-directional link. Communication interface407 in wireless device 406 may also be configured to engage in acommunication with communication interface 402 in base station 401. Basestation 401 and wireless device 406 may be configured to send andreceive data over wireless link 411 using multiple frequency carriers.According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, transceiver(s)may be employed. A transceiver is a device that includes both atransmitter and receiver. Transceivers may be employed in devices suchas wireless devices, base stations, relay nodes, and/or the like.Example embodiments for radio technology implemented in communicationinterface 402, 407 and wireless link 411 are illustrated are FIG. 1,FIG. 2, FIG. 3, FIG. 5, and associated text.

An interface may be a hardware interface, a firmware interface, asoftware interface, and/or a combination thereof. The hardware interfacemay include connectors, wires, electronic devices such as drivers,amplifiers, and/or the like. A software interface may include codestored in a memory device to implement protocol(s), protocol layers,communication drivers, device drivers, combinations thereof, and/or thelike. A firmware interface may include a combination of embeddedhardware and code stored in and/or in communication with a memory deviceto implement connections, electronic device operations, protocol(s),protocol layers, communication drivers, device drivers, hardwareoperations, combinations thereof, and/or the like.

The term configured may relate to the capacity of a device whether thedevice is in an operational or non-operational state. Configured mayalso refer to specific settings in a device that effect the operationalcharacteristics of the device whether the device is in an operational ornon-operational state. In other words, the hardware, software, firmware,registers, memory values, and/or the like may be “configured” within adevice, whether the device is in an operational or nonoperational state,to provide the device with specific characteristics. Terms such as “acontrol message to cause in a device” may mean that a control messagehas parameters that may be used to configure specific characteristics inthe device, whether the device is in an operational or non-operationalstate.

According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, a 5G networkmay include a multitude of base stations, providing a user plane NRPDCP/NR RLC/NR MAC/NR PHY and control plane (NR RRC) protocolterminations towards the wireless device. The base station(s) may beinterconnected with other base station(s) (e.g. employing an Xninterface). The base stations may also be connected employing, forexample, an NG interface to an NGC. FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B are examplediagrams for interfaces between a 5G core network (e.g. NGC) and basestations (e.g. gNB and eLTE eNB) as per an aspect of an embodiment ofthe present invention. For example, the base stations may beinterconnected to the NGC control plane (e.g. NG CP) employing the NG-Cinterface and to the NGC user plane (e.g. UPGW) employing the NG-Uinterface. The NG interface may support a many-to-many relation between5G core networks and base stations.

A base station may include many sectors for example: 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6sectors. A base station may include many cells, for example, rangingfrom 1 to 50 cells or more. A cell may be categorized, for example, as aprimary cell or secondary cell. At RRC connectionestablishment/re-establishment/handover, one serving cell may providethe NAS (non-access stratum) mobility information (e.g. TAI), and at RRCconnection re-establishment/handover, one serving cell may provide thesecurity input. This cell may be referred to as the Primary Cell(PCell). In the downlink, the carrier corresponding to the PCell may bethe Downlink Primary Component Carrier (DL PCC), while in the uplink, itmay be the Uplink Primary Component Carrier (UL PCC). Depending onwireless device capabilities, Secondary Cells (SCells) may be configuredto form together with the PCell a set of serving cells. In the downlink,the carrier corresponding to an SCell may be a Downlink SecondaryComponent Carrier (DL SCC), while in the uplink, it may be an UplinkSecondary Component Carrier (UL SCC). An SCell may or may not have anuplink carrier.

A cell, comprising a downlink carrier and optionally an uplink carrier,may be assigned a physical cell ID and a cell index. A carrier (downlinkor uplink) may belong to only one cell. The cell ID or Cell index mayalso identify the downlink carrier or uplink carrier of the cell(depending on the context it is used). In the specification, cell ID maybe equally referred to a carrier ID, and cell index may be referred tocarrier index. In implementation, the physical cell ID or cell index maybe assigned to a cell. A cell ID may be determined using asynchronization signal transmitted on a downlink carrier. A cell indexmay be determined using RRC messages. For example, when thespecification refers to a first physical cell ID for a first downlinkcarrier, the specification may mean the first physical cell ID is for acell comprising the first downlink carrier. The same concept may applyto, for example, carrier activation. When the specification indicatesthat a first carrier is activated, the specification may equally meanthat the cell comprising the first carrier is activated.

Embodiments may be configured to operate as needed. The disclosedmechanism may be performed when certain criteria are met, for example,in a wireless device, a base station, a radio environment, a network, acombination of the above, and/or the like. Example criteria may bebased, at least in part, on for example, traffic load, initial systemset up, packet sizes, traffic characteristics, a combination of theabove, and/or the like. When the one or more criteria are met, variousexample embodiments may be applied. Therefore, it may be possible toimplement example embodiments that selectively implement disclosedprotocols.

A base station may communicate with a mix of wireless devices. Wirelessdevices may support multiple technologies, and/or multiple releases ofthe same technology. Wireless devices may have some specificcapability(ies) depending on its wireless device category and/orcapability(ies). A base station may comprise multiple sectors. When thisdisclosure refers to a base station communicating with a plurality ofwireless devices, this disclosure may refer to a subset of the totalwireless devices in a coverage area. This disclosure may refer to, forexample, a plurality of wireless devices of a given LTE or 5G releasewith a given capability and in a given sector of the base station. Theplurality of wireless devices in this disclosure may refer to a selectedplurality of wireless devices, and/or a subset of total wireless devicesin a coverage area which perform according to disclosed methods, and/orthe like. There may be a plurality of wireless devices in a coveragearea that may not comply with the disclosed methods, for example,because those wireless devices perform based on older releases of LTE or5G technology.

FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 are example diagrams for protocol structure with CAand multi-connectivity as per an aspect of an embodiment of the presentinvention. NR may support multi-connectivity operation whereby amultiple RX/TX UE in RRC_CONNECTED may be configured to utilize radioresources provided by multiple schedulers located in multiple gNBsconnected via a non-ideal or ideal backhaul over the Xn interface. gNBsinvolved in multi-connectivity for a certain UE may assume two differentroles: a gNB may either act as a master gNB or as a secondary gNB. Inmulti-connectivity, a UE may be connected to one master gNB and one ormore secondary gNBs. FIG. 7 illustrates one example structure for the UEside MAC entities when a Master Cell Group (MCG) and a Secondary CellGroup (SCG) are configured, and it may not restrict implementation.Media Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) reception is not shown in thisfigure for simplicity.

In multi-connectivity, the radio protocol architecture that a particularbearer uses may depend on how the bearer is setup. Three alternativesmay exist, an MCG bearer, an SCG bearer and a split bearer as shown inFIG. 6. NR RRC may be located in master gNB and SRBs may be configuredas a MCG bearer type and may use the radio resources of the master gNB.Multi-connectivity may also be described as having at least one bearerconfigured to use radio resources provided by the secondary gNB.Multi-connectivity may or may not be configured/implemented in exampleembodiments of the invention.

In the case of multi-connectivity, the UE may be configured withmultiple NR MAC entities: one NR MAC entity for master gNB, and other NRMAC entities for secondary gNBs. In multi-connectivity, the configuredset of serving cells for a UE may comprise of two subsets: the MasterCell Group (MCG) containing the serving cells of the master gNB, and theSecondary Cell Groups (SCGs) containing the serving cells of thesecondary gNBs. For a SCG, one or more of the following may be applied:at least one cell in the SCG has a configured UL CC and one of them,named PSCell (or PCell of SCG, or sometimes called PCell), is configuredwith PUCCH resources; when the SCG is configured, there may be at leastone SCG bearer or one Split bearer; upon detection of a physical layerproblem or a random access problem on a PSCell, or the maximum number ofNR RLC retransmissions has been reached associated with the SCG, or upondetection of an access problem on a PSCell during a SCG addition or aSCG change: a RRC connection re-establishment procedure may not betriggered, UL transmissions towards cells of the SCG are stopped, amaster gNB may be informed by the UE of a SCG failure type, for splitbearer, the DL data transfer over the master gNB is maintained; the NRRLC AM bearer may be configured for the split bearer; like PCell, PSCellmay not be de-activated; PSCell may be changed with a SCG change (e.g.with security key change and a RACH procedure); and/or a direct bearertype change between a Split bearer and a SCG bearer or simultaneousconfiguration of a SCG and a Split bearer may or may not supported.

With respect to the interaction between a master gNB and secondary gNBsfor multi-connectivity, one or more of the following principles may beapplied: the master gNB may maintain the RRM measurement configurationof the UE and may, (e.g, based on received measurement reports ortraffic conditions or bearer types), decide to ask a secondary gNB toprovide additional resources (serving cells) for a UE; upon receiving arequest from the master gNB, a secondary gNB may create a container thatmay result in the configuration of additional serving cells for the UE(or decide that it has no resource available to do so); for UEcapability coordination, the master gNB may provide (part of) the ASconfiguration and the UE capabilities to the secondary gNB; the mastergNB and the secondary gNB may exchange information about a UEconfiguration by employing of NR RRC containers (inter-node messages)carried in Xn messages; the secondary gNB may initiate a reconfigurationof its existing serving cells (e.g., PUCCH towards the secondary gNB);the secondary gNB may decide which cell is the PSCell within the SCG;the master gNB may or may not change the content of the NR RRCconfiguration provided by the secondary gNB; in the case of a SCGaddition and a SCG SCell addition, the master gNB may provide the latestmeasurement results for the SCG cell(s); both a master gNB and secondarygNBs may know the SFN and subframe offset of each other by OAM, (e.g.,for the purpose of DRX alignment and identification of a measurementgap). In an example, when adding a new SCG SCell, dedicated NR RRCsignaling may be used for sending required system information of thecell as for CA, except for the SFN acquired from a MIB of the PSCell ofa SCG.

In an example, serving cells may be grouped in a TA group (TAG). Servingcells in one TAG may use the same timing reference. For a given TAG,user equipment (UE) may use at least one downlink carrier as a timingreference. For a given TAG, a UE may synchronize uplink subframe andframe transmission timing of uplink carriers belonging to the same TAG.In an example, serving cells having an uplink to which the same TAapplies may correspond to serving cells hosted by the same receiver. AUE supporting multiple TAs may support two or more TA groups. One TAgroup may contain the PCell and may be called a primary TAG (pTAG). In amultiple TAG configuration, at least one TA group may not contain thePCell and may be called a secondary TAG (sTAG). In an example, carrierswithin the same TA group may use the same TA value and/or the sametiming reference. When DC is configured, cells belonging to a cell group(MCG or SCG) may be grouped into multiple TAGs including a pTAG and oneor more sTAGs.

FIG. 8 shows example TAG configurations as per an aspect of anembodiment of the present invention. In Example 1, pTAG comprises PCell,and an sTAG comprises SCell1. In Example 2, a pTAG comprises a PCell andSCell1, and an sTAG comprises SCell2 and SCell3. In Example 3, pTAGcomprises PCell and SCell1, and an sTAG1 includes SCell2 and SCell3, andsTAG2 comprises SCell4. Up to four TAGs may be supported in a cell group(MCG or SCG) and other example TAG configurations may also be provided.In various examples in this disclosure, example mechanisms are describedfor a pTAG and an sTAG. Some of the example mechanisms may be applied toconfigurations with multiple sTAGs.

In an example, an eNB may initiate an RA procedure via a PDCCH order foran activated SCell. This PDCCH order may be sent on a scheduling cell ofthis SCell. When cross carrier scheduling is configured for a cell, thescheduling cell may be different than the cell that is employed forpreamble transmission, and the PDCCH order may include an SCell index.At least a non-contention based RA procedure may be supported forSCell(s) assigned to sTAG(s).

FIG. 9 is an example message flow in a random access process in asecondary TAG as per an aspect of an embodiment of the presentinvention. An eNB transmits an activation command 600 to activate anSCell. A preamble 602 (Msg1) may be sent by a UE in response to a PDCCHorder 601 on an SCell belonging to an sTAG. In an example embodiment,preamble transmission for SCells may be controlled by the network usingPDCCH format 1A. Msg2 message 603 (RAR: random access response) inresponse to the preamble transmission on the SCell may be addressed toRA-RNTI in a PCell common search space (CSS). Uplink packets 604 may betransmitted on the SCell in which the preamble was transmitted.

According to some of the various aspects of embodiments, initial timingalignment may be achieved through a random access procedure. This mayinvolve a UE transmitting a random access preamble and an eNB respondingwith an initial TA command NTA (amount of timing advance) within arandom access response window. The start of the random access preamblemay be aligned with the start of a corresponding uplink subframe at theUE assuming NTA=0. The eNB may estimate the uplink timing from therandom access preamble transmitted by the UE. The TA command may bederived by the eNB based on the estimation of the difference between thedesired UL timing and the actual UL timing. The UE may determine theinitial uplink transmission timing relative to the correspondingdownlink of the sTAG on which the preamble is transmitted.

The mapping of a serving cell to a TAG may be configured by a servingeNB with RRC signaling. The mechanism for TAG configuration andreconfiguration may be based on RRC signaling. According to some of thevarious aspects of embodiments, when an eNB performs an SCell additionconfiguration, the related TAG configuration may be configured for theSCell. In an example embodiment, an eNB may modify the TAG configurationof an SCell by removing (releasing) the SCell and adding (configuring) anew SCell (with the same physical cell ID and frequency) with an updatedTAG ID. The new SCell with the updated TAG ID may initially be inactivesubsequent to being assigned the updated TAG ID. The eNB may activatethe updated new SCell and start scheduling packets on the activatedSCell. In an example implementation, it may not be possible to changethe TAG associated with an SCell, but rather, the SCell may need to beremoved and a new SCell may need to be added with another TAG. Forexample, if there is a need to move an SCell from an sTAG to a pTAG, atleast one RRC message, for example, at least one RRC reconfigurationmessage, may be send to the UE to reconfigure TAG configurations byreleasing the SCell and then configuring the SCell as a part of the pTAG(when an SCell is added/configured without a TAG index, the SCell may beexplicitly assigned to the pTAG). The PCell may not change its TA groupand may be a member of the pTAG.

The purpose of an RRC connection reconfiguration procedure may be tomodify an RRC connection, (e.g. to establish, modify and/or release RBs, to perform handover, to setup, modify, and/or release measurements,to add, modify, and/or release SCells). If the received RRC ConnectionReconfiguration message includes the sCellToReleaseList, the UE mayperform an SCell release. If the received RRC Connection Reconfigurationmessage includes the sCellToAddModList, the UE may perform SCelladditions or modification.

In LTE Release-10 and Release-11 CA, a PUCCH is only transmitted on thePCell (PSCell) to an eNB. In LTE-Release 12 and earlier, a UE maytransmit PUCCH information on one cell (PCell or PSCell) to a given eNB.

As the number of CA capable UEs and also the number of aggregatedcarriers increase, the number of PUCCHs and also the PUCCH payload sizemay increase. Accommodating the PUCCH transmissions on the PCell maylead to a high PUCCH load on the PCell. A PUCCH on an SCell may beintroduced to offload the PUCCH resource from the PCell. More than onePUCCH may be configured for example, a PUCCH on a PCell and anotherPUCCH on an SCell. In the example embodiments, one, two or more cellsmay be configured with PUCCH resources for transmitting CSI/ACK/NACK toa base station. Cells may be grouped into multiple PUCCH groups, and oneor more cell within a group may be configured with a PUCCH. In anexample configuration, one SCell may belong to one PUCCH group. SCellswith a configured PUCCH transmitted to a base station may be called aPUCCH SCell, and a cell group with a common PUCCH resource transmittedto the same base station may be called a PUCCH group.

In an example embodiment, a MAC entity may have a configurable timertimeAlignmentTimer per TAG. The timeAlignmentTimer may be used tocontrol how long the MAC entity considers the Serving Cells belonging tothe associated TAG to be uplink time aligned. The MAC entity may, when aTiming Advance Command MAC control element is received, apply the TimingAdvance Command for the indicated TAG; start or restart thetimeAlignmentTimer associated with the indicated TAG. The MAC entitymay, when a Timing Advance Command is received in a Random AccessResponse message for a serving cell belonging to a TAG and/or if theRandom Access Preamble was not selected by the MAC entity, apply theTiming Advance Command for this TAG and start or restart thetimeAlignmentTimer associated with this TAG. Otherwise, if thetimeAlignmentTimer associated with this TAG is not running, the TimingAdvance Command for this TAG may be applied and the timeAlignmentTimerassociated with this TAG started. When the contention resolution isconsidered not successful, a timeAlignmentTimer associated with this TAGmay be stopped. Otherwise, the MAC entity may ignore the received TimingAdvance Command.

In example embodiments, a timer is running once it is started, until itis stopped or until it expires; otherwise it may not be running. A timercan be started if it is not running or restarted if it is running. Forexample, a timer may be started or restarted from its initial value.

Example embodiments of the invention may enable operation ofmulti-carrier communications. Other example embodiments may comprise anon-transitory tangible computer readable media comprising instructionsexecutable by one or more processors to cause operation of multi-carriercommunications. Yet other example embodiments may comprise an article ofmanufacture that comprises a non-transitory tangible computer readablemachine-accessible medium having instructions encoded thereon forenabling programmable hardware to cause a device (e.g. wirelesscommunicator, UE, base station, etc.) to enable operation ofmulti-carrier communications. The device may include processors, memory,interfaces, and/or the like. Other example embodiments may comprisecommunication networks comprising devices such as base stations,wireless devices (or user equipment: UE), servers, switches, antennas,and/or the like.

FIG. 11A, FIG. 11B, FIG. 11C, FIG. 11D, FIG. 11E, and FIG. 11F areexample diagrams for architectures of tight interworking between 5G RANand LTE RAN as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention.The tight interworking may enable a multiple RX/TX UE in RRC_CONNECTEDto be configured to utilize radio resources provided by two schedulerslocated in two base stations (e.g. (e)LTE eNB and gNB) connected via anon-ideal or ideal backhaul over the Xx interface between LTE eNB andgNB or the Xn interface between eLTE eNB and gNB. Base stations involvedin tight interworking for a certain UE may assume two different roles: abase station may either act as a master base station or as a secondarybase station. In tight interworking, a UE may be connected to one masterbase station and one secondary base station. Mechanisms implemented intight interworking may be extended to cover more than two base stations.

In FIG. 11A and FIG. 11B, a master base station may be an LTE eNB, whichmay be connected to EPC nodes (e.g. to an MME via the S1-C interface andto an S-GW via the S1-U interface), and a secondary base station may bea gNB, which may be a non-standalone node having a control planeconnection via an Xx-C interface to an LTE eNB. In the tightinterworking architecture of FIG. 11A, a user plane for a gNB may beconnected to an S-GW through an LTE eNB via an Xx-U interface betweenLTE eNB and gNB and an S1-U interface between LTE eNB and S-GW. In thearchitecture of FIG. 11B, a user plane for a gNB may be connecteddirectly to an S-GW via an S1-U interface between gNB and S-GW.

In FIG. 11C and FIG. 11D, a master base station may be a gNB, which maybe connected to NGC nodes (e.g. to a control plane core node via theNG-C interface and to a user plane core node via the NG-U interface),and a secondary base station may be an eLTE eNB, which may be anon-standalone node having a control plane connection via an Xn-Cinterface to a gNB. In the tight interworking architecture of FIG. 11C,a user plane for an eLTE eNB may be connected to a user plane core nodethrough a gNB via an Xn-U interface between eLTE eNB and gNB and an NG-Uinterface between gNB and user plane core node. In the architecture ofFIG. 11D, a user plane for an eLTE eNB may be connected directly to auser plane core node via an NG-U interface between eLTE eNB and userplane core node.

In FIG. 11E and FIG. 11F, a master base station may be an eLTE eNB,which may be connected to NGC nodes (e.g. to a control plane core nodevia the NG-C interface and to a user plane core node via the NG-Uinterface), and a secondary base station may be a gNB, which may be anon-standalone node having a control plane connection via an Xn-Cinterface to an eLTE eNB. In the tight interworking architecture of FIG.11E, a user plane for a gNB may be connected to a user plane core nodethrough an eLTE eNB via an Xn-U interface between eLTE eNB and gNB andan NG-U interface between eLTE eNB and user plane core node. In thearchitecture of FIG. 11F, a user plane for a gNB may be connecteddirectly to a user plane core node via an NG-U interface between gNB anduser plane core node.

FIG. 12A, FIG. 12B, and FIG. 12C are example diagrams for radio protocolstructures of tight interworking bearers as per an aspect of anembodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 12A, an LTE eNB may be amaster base station, and a gNB may be a secondary base station. In FIG.12B, a gNB may be a master base station, and an eLTE eNB may be asecondary base station. In FIG. 12C, an eLTE eNB may be a master basestation, and a gNB may be a secondary base station. In 5G network, theradio protocol architecture that a particular bearer uses may depend onhow the bearer is setup. Three alternatives may exist, an MCG bearer, anSCG bearer, and a split bearer as shown in FIG. 12A, FIG. 12B, and FIG.12C. NR RRC may be located in master base station, and SRBs may beconfigured as an MCG bearer type and may use the radio resources of themaster base station. Tight interworking may also be described as havingat least one bearer configured to use radio resources provided by thesecondary base station. Tight interworking may or may not beconfigured/implemented in example embodiments of the invention.

In the case of tight interworking, the UE may be configured with two MACentities: one MAC entity for master base station, and one MAC entity forsecondary base station. In tight interworking, the configured set ofserving cells for a UE may comprise of two subsets: the Master CellGroup (MCG) containing the serving cells of the master base station, andthe Secondary Cell Group (SCG) containing the serving cells of thesecondary base station. For a SCG, one or more of the following may beapplied: at least one cell in the SCG has a configured UL CC and one ofthem, named PSCell (or PCell of SCG, or sometimes called PCell), isconfigured with PUCCH resources; when the SCG is configured, there maybe at least one SCG bearer or one split bearer; upon detection of aphysical layer problem or a random access problem on a PSCell, or themaximum number of (NR) RLC retransmissions has been reached associatedwith the SCG, or upon detection of an access problem on a PSCell duringa SCG addition or a SCG change: a RRC connection re-establishmentprocedure may not be triggered, UL transmissions towards cells of theSCG are stopped, a master base station may be informed by the UE of aSCG failure type, for split bearer, the DL data transfer over the masterbase station is maintained; the RLC AM bearer may be configured for thesplit bearer; like PCell, PSCell may not be de-activated; PSCell may bechanged with a SCG change (e.g. with security key change and a RACHprocedure); and/or neither a direct bearer type change between a Splitbearer and a SCG bearer nor simultaneous configuration of a SCG and aSplit bearer are supported.

With respect to the interaction between a master base station and asecondary base station, one or more of the following principles may beapplied: the master base station may maintain the RRM measurementconfiguration of the UE and may, (e.g, based on received measurementreports, traffic conditions, or bearer types), decide to ask a secondarybase station to provide additional resources (serving cells) for a UE;upon receiving a request from the master base station, a secondary basestation may create a container that may result in the configuration ofadditional serving cells for the UE (or decide that it has no resourceavailable to do so); for UE capability coordination, the master basestation may provide (part of) the AS configuration and the UEcapabilities to the secondary base station; the master base station andthe secondary base station may exchange information about a UEconfiguration by employing of RRC containers (inter-node messages)carried in Xn or Xx messages; the secondary base station may initiate areconfiguration of its existing serving cells (e.g., PUCCH towards thesecondary base station); the secondary base station may decide whichcell is the PSCell within the SCG; the master base station may notchange the content of the RRC configuration provided by the secondarybase station; in the case of a SCG addition and a SCG SCell addition,the master base station may provide the latest measurement results forthe SCG cell(s); both a master base station and a secondary base stationmay know the SFN and subframe offset of each other by OAM, (e.g., forthe purpose of DRX alignment and identification of a measurement gap).In an example, when adding a new SCG SCell, dedicated RRC signaling maybe used for sending required system information of the cell as for CA,except for the SFN acquired from a MIB of the PSCell of a SCG.

FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B are example diagrams for gNB deployment scenariosas per an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention. In thenon-centralized deployment scenario in FIG. 13A, the full protocol stack(e.g. NR RRC, NR PDCP, NR RLC, NR MAC, and NR PHY) may be supported atone node. In the centralized deployment scenario in FIG. 13B, upperlayers of gNB may be located in a Central Unit (CU), and lower layers ofgNB may be located in Distributed Units (DU). The CU-DU interface (e.g.Fs interface) connecting CU and DU may be ideal or non-ideal. Fs-C mayprovide a control plane connection over Fs interface, and Fs-U mayprovide a user plane connection over Fs interface. In the centralizeddeployment, different functional split options between CU and DUs may bepossible by locating different protocol layers (RAN functions) in CU andDU. The functional split may support flexibility to move RAN functionsbetween CU and DU depending on service requirements and/or networkenvironments. The functional split option may change during operationafter Fs interface setup procedure, or may change only in Fs setupprocedure (i.e. static during operation after Fs setup procedure).

FIG. 14 is an example diagram for different functional split optionexamples of the centralized gNB deployment scenario as per an aspect ofan embodiment of the present invention. In the split option example 1,an NR RRC may be in CU, and NR PDCP, NR RLC, NR MAC, NR PHY, and RF maybe in DU. In the split option example 2, an NR RRC and NR PDCP may be inCU, and NR RLC, NR MAC, NR PHY, and RF may be in DU. In the split optionexample 3, an NR RRC, NR PDCP, and partial function of NR RLC may be inCU, and the other partial function of NR RLC, NR MAC, NR PHY, and RF maybe in DU. In the split option example 4, an NR RRC, NR PDCP, and NR RLCmay be in CU, and NR MAC, NR PHY, and RF may be in DU. In the splitoption example 5, an NR RRC, NR PDCP, NR RLC, and partial function of NRMAC may be in CU, and the other partial function of NR MAC, NR PHY, andRF may be in DU. In the split option example 6, an NR RRC, NR PDCP, NRRLC, and NR MAC may be in CU, and NR PHY and RF may be in DU. In thesplit option example 7, an NR RRC, NR PDCP, NR RLC, NR MAC, and partialfunction of NR PHY may be in CU, and the other partial function of NRPHY and RF may be in DU. In the split option example 8, an NR RRC, NRPDCP, NR RLC, NR MAC, and NR PHY may be in CU, and RF may be in DU.

The functional split may be configured per CU, per DU, per UE, perbearer, per slice, or with other granularities. In per CU split, a CUmay have a fixed split, and DUs may be configured to match the splitoption of CU. In per DU split, each DU may be configured with adifferent split, and a CU may provide different split options fordifferent DUs. In per UE split, a gNB (CU and DU) may provide differentsplit options for different UEs. In per bearer split, different splitoptions may be utilized for different bearer types. In per slice splice,different split options may be applied for different slices.

In an example embodiment, the new radio access network (new RAN) maysupport different network slices, which may allow differentiatedtreatment customized to support different service requirements with endto end scope. The new RAN may provide a differentiated handling oftraffic for different network slices that may be pre-configured, and mayallow a single RAN node to support multiple slices. The new RAN maysupport selection of a RAN part for a given network slice, by one ormore slice ID(s) or NSSAI(s) provided by a UE or a NGC (e.g. NG CP). Theslice ID(s) or NSSAI(s) may identify one or more of pre-configurednetwork slices in a PLMN. For initial attach, a UE may provide a sliceID and/or an NSSAI, and a RAN node (e.g. gNB) may use the slice ID orthe NSSAI for routing an initial NAS signaling to an NGC control planefunction (e.g. NG CP). If a UE does not provide any slice ID or NSSAI, aRAN node may send a NAS signaling to a default NGC control planefunction. For subsequent accesses, the UE may provide a temporary ID fora slice identification, which may be assigned by the NGC control planefunction, to enable a RAN node to route the NAS message to a relevantNGC control plane function. The new RAN may support resource isolationbetween slices. The RAN resource isolation may be achieved by avoidingthat shortage of shared resources in one slice breaks a service levelagreement for another slice.

The amount of data traffic carried over cellular networks is expected toincrease for many years to come. The number of users/devices isincreasing and each user/device accesses an increasing number andvariety of services, e.g. video delivery, large files, images. Thisrequires not only high capacity in the network, but also provisioningvery high data rates to meet customers' expectations on interactivityand responsiveness. More spectrum is therefore needed for cellularoperators to meet the increasing demand. Considering user expectationsof high data rates along with seamless mobility, it is beneficial thatmore spectrum be made available for deploying macro cells as well assmall cells for cellular systems.

Striving to meet the market demands, there has been increasing interestfrom operators in deploying some complementary access utilizingunlicensed spectrum to meet the traffic growth. This is exemplified bythe large number of operator-deployed Wi-Fi networks and the 3GPPstandardization of LTE/WLAN interworking solutions. This interestindicates that unlicensed spectrum, when present, can be an effectivecomplement to licensed spectrum for cellular operators to helpaddressing the traffic explosion in some scenarios, such as hotspotareas. LAA offers an alternative for operators to make use of unlicensedspectrum while managing one radio network, thus offering newpossibilities for optimizing the network's efficiency.

In an example embodiment, Listen-before-talk (clear channel assessment)may be implemented for transmission in an LAA cell. In alisten-before-talk (LBT) procedure, equipment may apply a clear channelassessment (CCA) check before using the channel. For example, the CCAutilizes at least energy detection to determine the presence or absenceof other signals on a channel in order to determine if a channel isoccupied or clear, respectively. For example, European and Japaneseregulations mandate the usage of LBT in the unlicensed bands. Apart fromregulatory requirements, carrier sensing via LBT may be one way for fairsharing of the unlicensed spectrum.

In an example embodiment, discontinuous transmission on an unlicensedcarrier with limited maximum transmission duration may be enabled. Someof these functions may be supported by one or more signals to betransmitted from the beginning of a discontinuous LAA downlinktransmission. Channel reservation may be enabled by the transmission ofsignals, by an LAA node, after gaining channel access via a successfulLBT operation, so that other nodes that receive the transmitted signalwith energy above a certain threshold sense the channel to be occupied.Functions that may need to be supported by one or more signals for LAAoperation with discontinuous downlink transmission may include one ormore of the following: detection of the LAA downlink transmission(including cell identification) by UEs; time & frequency synchronizationof UEs.

In an example embodiment, DL LAA design may employ subframe boundaryalignment according to LTE-A carrier aggregation timing relationshipsacross serving cells aggregated by CA. This may not imply that the eNBtransmissions can start only at the subframe boundary. LAA may supporttransmitting PDSCH when not all OFDM symbols are available fortransmission in a subframe according to LBT. Delivery of necessarycontrol information for the PDSCH may also be supported.

LBT procedure may be employed for fair and friendly coexistence of LAAwith other operators and technologies operating in unlicensed spectrum.LBT procedures on a node attempting to transmit on a carrier inunlicensed spectrum require the node to perform a clear channelassessment to determine if the channel is free for use. An LBT proceduremay involve at least energy detection to determine if the channel isbeing used. For example, regulatory requirements in some regions, e.g.,in Europe, specify an energy detection threshold such that if a nodereceives energy greater than this threshold, the node assumes that thechannel is not free. While nodes may follow such regulatoryrequirements, a node may optionally use a lower threshold for energydetection than that specified by regulatory requirements. In an example,LAA may employ a mechanism to adaptively change the energy detectionthreshold, e.g., LAA may employ a mechanism to adaptively lower theenergy detection threshold from an upper bound. Adaptation mechanism maynot preclude static or semi-static setting of the threshold. In anexample Category 4 LBT mechanism or other type of LBT mechanisms may beimplemented.

Various example LBT mechanisms may be implemented. In an example, forsome signals, in some implementation scenarios, in some situations,and/or in some frequencies no LBT procedure may performed by thetransmitting entity. In an example, Category 2 (e.g. LBT without randomback-off) may be implemented. The duration of time that the channel issensed to be idle before the transmitting entity transmits may bedeterministic. In an example, Category 3 (e.g. LBT with random back-offwith a contention window of fixed size) may be implemented. The LBTprocedure may have the following procedure as one of its components. Thetransmitting entity may draw a random number N within a contentionwindow. The size of the contention window may be specified by theminimum and maximum value of N. The size of the contention window may befixed. The random number N may be employed in the LBT procedure todetermine the duration of time that the channel is sensed to be idlebefore the transmitting entity transmits on the channel. In an example,Category 4 (e.g. LBT with random back-off with a contention window ofvariable size) may be implemented. The transmitting entity may draw arandom number N within a contention window. The size of contentionwindow may be specified by the minimum and maximum value of N. Thetransmitting entity may vary the size of the contention window whendrawing the random number N. The random number N is used in the LBTprocedure to determine the duration of time that the channel is sensedto be idle before the transmitting entity transmits on the channel.

LAA may employ uplink LBT at the UE. The UL LBT scheme may be differentfrom the DL LBT scheme (e.g. by using different LBT mechanisms orparameters) for example, since the LAA UL is based on scheduled accesswhich affects a UE's channel contention opportunities. Otherconsiderations motivating a different UL LBT scheme include, but are notlimited to, multiplexing of multiple UEs in a single subframe.

In an example, a DL transmission burst may be a continuous transmissionfrom a DL transmitting node with no transmission immediately before orafter from the same node on the same CC. An UL transmission burst from aUE perspective may be a continuous transmission from a UE with notransmission immediately before or after from the same UE on the sameCC. In an example, UL transmission burst is defined from a UEperspective. In an example, an UL transmission burst may be defined froman eNB perspective. In an example, in case of an eNB operating DL+UL LAAover the same unlicensed carrier, DL transmission burst(s) and ULtransmission burst(s) on LAA may be scheduled in a TDM manner over thesame unlicensed carrier. For example, an instant in time may be part ofa DL transmission burst or an UL transmission burst.

In existing technologies, if a gNB is split into a gNB-CU and a gNB-DU,a gNB-CU may provide at least an RRC layer and a gNB-DU may provide atleast one of a physical layer and/or a MAC layer. In an implementationof existing technologies, a gNB-CU may have information of packettransmission status (e.g. based on PDCP layer packet transmission orreception monitoring) and/or network traffic load information (e.g.based on gNB-CU load status and/or based on PDCP layer packetmonitoring). A gNB-CU may receive channel measurement report from a UEand/or a gNB-DU. When PDCP packet duplication is configured for at leastone bearer of a UE, a gNB-DU may transmit an uplink duplicationactivation/deactivation indication to a UE. In an implementation ofexisting technologies, a gNB-CU may activate/deactivate a downlink PDCPpacket duplication by starting transmission of duplicated PDCP packet toa gNB-DU and/or a UE. To support PDCP packet duplication, a gNB-DU mayconfigure cells for packet transmission and/or duplicated packettransmission. In an implementation of existing technologies, the trafficstatus or measurement information of a gNB-CU and the uplink PDCP packetduplication activation/deactivation of a gNB-DU may be misaligned. Inexisting technologies, downlink PDCP packet duplicationactivation/deactivation of a gNB-CU may disturb gNB-DU's proper cellcoordination for packet transmission. Misalignment among the statusmeasurement information, packet duplication activation/deactivation,and/or cell configurations may increase inappropriate PDCP packetduplication operation. The existing technology may decrease packettransmission reliability and resource utilization efficiency. There is aneed to develop signaling mechanisms among a gNB-CU, a gNB-DU and awireless device so that a gNB-CU and/or a gNB-DU can properlyactivation/deactivate PDCP packet duplication and configure cells forpacket duplication.

Example embodiments enhance PDCP packet duplicationactivation/deactivation mechanism of a gNB-CU and/or a gNB-DU when agNB-DU provides lower layer functions of a gNB. Example embodiments mayenhance interactions of a gNB-CU and a gNB-DU to take into accounttraffic status and/or channel status for PDCP packet duplicationactivation/deactivation of a UE. Example embodiments may improvecommunication of a gNB-CU and a gNB-DU to configure cells for PDCPpacket duplication of a UE. Example embodiments may increase connectionreliability and resource utilization efficiency of wireless devices byenhancing packet duplication activation/deactivation mechanisms of agNB-CU and a gNB-DU for UEs.

In an example embodiment, a base station may comprise a gNB, eNB, anRNC, a home eNB, a home gNB, NG-eNB, Integrated Access and Backhaul(IAB) node, a relay node, an access point and/or any type of basestations or access points communicating with one or more wirelessdevices. Example embodiments for an example base station may be appliedto other types of base stations. For example an embodiment on gNB can beapplied to implementation of IAB node. In an example embodiment, agNB-CU may be interpreted as a centralized base station (e.g. eNB-CU,RNC, access point central unit, relay donor node, integrated access andbackhaul (IAB) donor node, and/or the like). In an example embodiment, agNB-DU may be interpreted as a distributed base station (e.g. eNB-DU,RRH, transmission and reception point (TRP), access point distributedunit, relay node, IAB) node, and/or the like).

When duplication is configured for a radio bearer by RRC, an additionalRLC entity and/or an additional logical channel may be added to theradio bearer to handle the duplicated PDCP PDUs. Duplication at PDCPtherefore may consist in sending the same PDCP PDUs twice: once on theoriginal RLC entity and a second time on the additional RLC entity. Whendoing so, the original PDCP PDU and the corresponding duplicate may notbe transmitted on the same carrier. The two different logical channelsmay belong to the same MAC entity (CA, carrier aggregation) and/or todifferent ones (DC, dual connectivity). In the former case, logicalchannel mapping restrictions may be used in MAC to ensure that thelogical channel carrying the original PDCP PDUs and/or logical channelcarrying the corresponding duplicates may not be sent on the samecarrier.

Once PDCP packet duplication is configured, duplication may be activatedand/or de-activated per DRB by means of a MAC control element (MAC CE):In CA, when duplication is de-activated, the logical channel mappingrestrictions may be lifted; and/or in DC, the UE may apply the MAC CEcommands regardless of their origin (MCG or SCG).

In an example, a base station may comprise a central RAN entity and oneor more distributed RAN entities. A distributed RAN entity of the one ormore distributed RAN entity may serve at least one cell. The central RANentity may provide at least a radio resource control (RRC) functionalityand/or a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer functionality.The distributed RAN entity may provide at least a radio link control(RLC) layer functionality, a medium access control (MAC) layerfunctionality, and/or a physical (PHY) layer functionality.

An F1 interface (e.g. a logical direct interface) may be setup betweenthe central RAN entity and the distributed RAN entity. The F1 interfacemay comprise a user plane interface and/or a control plane interface.RRC messages may be transmitted from the central RAN entity to awireless device or from a wireless device to the central RAN entity viathe distributed RAN entity. Data packets may be transmitted from thecentral RAN entity to a wireless device or from a wireless device to thecentral RAN entity via the distributed RAN entity. In an example, datapackets transmitted over the F1 interface may be PDCP layer packets. Inan example, RRC messages transmitted over the F1 interface may beconveyed by an F1 interface message, and/or the RRC messages conveyed bythe F1 interface message may be one or more PDCP layer packetsassociated with one or more signaling radio bearers.

In an example embodiment, as shown in FIG. 31, Packet Data ConvergenceProtocol (PDCP) layer packets may be duplicated and transmitted via aradio interface (air interface, radio bearer, logical channel, RLCchannel, and/or the like). A PDCP packet duplication for a bearer (e.g.signaling radio bearer (SRB), data radio bearer, SRB0, SRB1, SRB2,and/or the like) may be configured via one or more Radio ResourceControl (RRC) layer signaling messages for a wireless device, and/or viaone or more RRC control signaling for a distributed Radio Access Network(RAN) entity (DU, Distributed Unit) if a base station is split into acentralized RAN entity (CU, Central Unit) and one or more distributedRAN entity. If a PDCP packet duplication for a bearer is configured, abase station may activate or deactivate the PDCP packet duplicationbased on a radio channel condition, a traffic load, and/or the like. Inan example, a central RAN entity may indicate to a distributed RANentity that a PDCP packet duplication of downlink packet transmissionfor a bearer is activated or deactivated, and the distributed RAN entitymay determine one or more cells employed to transmit duplicated PDCPpackets and/or original PDCP packets based on the activation ordeactivation indication.

In an example, as shown in FIG. 16, FIG. 17, FIG. 18, and FIG. 19, afirst RAN entity (e.g. a distributed RAN entity, a secondary basestation, an S-Node, an S-NR-RAN, and/or the like) may receive, from asecond RAN entity (e.g. a central RAN entity, a master base station, anM-Node, an M-NR-RAN, and/or the like), a first message comprising packetflow configuration parameters for a wireless device. In an example, thefirst message may be an initial UE context setup request message, abearer setup request message, a bearer modification request message, anRRC control message, and/or the like. The first message may betransmitted via a direct interface (e.g. F1 interface) between the firstRAN entity and the second RAN entity. The first message may furthercomprise multiple packet flow identifiers of multiple packet flows, awireless device identifier of the wireless device, QoS information ofthe multiple packet flows, an aggregated maximum bit rate (AMBR) for thewireless device in the first RAN entity and/or in the second RAN entity,security information, and/or the like.

In an example, as shown in FIG. 15, the packet flow configurationparameters may be associated with multiple packet flows for the wirelessdevice. The packet flow configuration parameters may comprise a packetduplication indication indicating that packets of a first packet flow(e.g. RLC channel, bearer, logical channel, QoS flow, PDU session,and/or the like) are duplications of packets of a second packet flow(e.g. RLC channel, bearer, logical channel, QoS flow, PDU session,and/or the like). In an example, the packet flow configurationparameters may further comprise an indication indicating that the firstpacket flow and the second packet flow are associated with a firstbearer (e.g. radio bearer, data radio bearer, signaling radio bearer,QoS flow, PDU session, and/or the like). In an example, the first packetflow and the second packet flow may belong to the multiple packet flows.In an example, the first packet flow may be employed to transmitduplicated PDCP packets (or original PDCP packets), and/or the secondpacket flow may be employed to transmit original PDCP packets (orduplicated PDCP packets). In an example, there may not be an explicitdifferentiation between original PDCP packets and duplicated PDCPpackets.

In an example, the first packet flow may be associated with a firsttunnel, and/or the second packet flow may be associated with a secondtunnel. The first tunnel and/or the second tunnel may be establishedbetween the first RAN entity and the second RAN entity.

In an example, the packet flow configuration parameters may furthercomprise one or more first cell identifiers of one or more first cellsand/or one or more second cell identifier of one or more second cells.The one or more information elements of the packet flow configurationparameters may be configured to indicate that the one or more firstcells are employed to transmit packets associated with the first packetflow, and/or that the one or more second cells are employed to transmitpackets associated with the second packet flow. In an example, the oneor more first cells may be different from the one or more second cells.This cell configuration may support that original PDCP packets andduplicated PDCP packets are transmitted via different carriers (viadifferent cells) each other. The benefit of transmitting original PDCPpackets and duplicated PDCP packets via different carriers (viadifferent cells) may be a diversity gain by diversifying paths(channels) for packet transmissions. In an example, when channel qualityof the one or more second cells for the second packet flow gets worse,the wireless device may be able to receive duplicated packets via theone or more first cells for the first packet flow if channel quality ofthe one or more first cells is good.

In an example, the packet flow configuration parameters may furthercomprise an indication indicating that a PDCP packet duplicationassociated with the first packet flow and the second packet flow isactivated or deactivated initially (e.g. when the first RAN entityreceives the first message from the second RAN entity).

In an example, the second RAN entity may generate one or more first PDCPPDU packets for the first packet flow and/or generate one or more secondPDCP PDU packets for the second packet flow. The one or more first PDCPPDU packets and the one or more second PDCP PDU packets may be generatedfrom one or more PDCP SDU packets of the first bearer associated withthe first packet flow and/or the second packet flow. In an example, theone or more first PDCP PDU packets and the one or more second PDCP PDUpackets are duplications of each other. The second RAN entity maytransmit, to the first RAN entity, the one or more first PDCP PDUpackets via the first packet flow and/or the one or more second PDCP PDUpackets via the second packet flow.

In response to receiving the one or more first PDCP PDU packets and/orthe one or more second PDCP PDU packets, the first RAN entity maytransmit, to the wireless device, the first PDCP PDU packets of thefirst packet flow via the one or more first cells and the second PDCPPDU packets of the second packet flow via the one or more second cells.In an example, the one or more first cells may be different from the oneor more second cells.

In an example, a first RLC entity of the first RAN entity, for the firstpacket flow, may receive the one or more first PDCP PDU packets via theF1 interface (the direct interface between the first RAN entity and thesecond RAN entity), and/or may transmit, to a MAC entity of the firstRAN entity, one or more first RLC PDU packets generated from the one ormore first PDCP PDU packets. A second RLC entity of the second RANentity, for the second packet flow, may receive the one or more secondPDCP PDU packets via the F1 interface (the direct interface between thefirst RAN entity and the second RAN entity), and/or may transmit, to theMAC entity of the first RAN entity, one or more second RLC PDU packetsgenerated from the one or more second PDCP PDU packets. The MAC entitymay select at least one of the one or more first cells for transmittingthe one or more first RLC PDU packets, and/or may select at least one ofthe one or more second cells for transmitting the one or more second RLCPDU packets. A physical layer may transmit, to the wireless device andvia an air interface, packets associated with the first packet flow viathe one or more first cells and packets associated with the secondpacket flow via the one or more second cells.

In an example, as shown in FIG. 20, FIG. 21, FIG. 22, FIG. 23, FIG. 24,FIG. 25, FIG. 26, and FIG. 27, the first RAN entity may receive, fromthe second RAN entity, a packet duplication deactivation indicationindicating deactivation of duplicating packets of the second packet flow(e.g. an indication of deactivating a PDCP packet duplication for thefirst bearer, transmitting packets only associated with the secondpacket flow, not transmitting packets associated with the first packetflow, and/or the like). In an example, the packet duplicationdeactivation indication may be transmitted via a control plane messagethrough the F1 interface. The control plane message may be a packet flow(bearer) modification message, a packet flow (bearer) configurationupdate message, an RRC control message, and/or the like. In an example,the packet duplication deactivation indication may be transmitted via auser plane indication. The user plane indication may be an end markerpacket (e.g. end marker PDU type packet), an end marker indication in aPDCP PDU packet header, and/or the like.

In an example, in response to receiving the packet duplicationdeactivation indication, the first RAN entity may enable packets of thesecond packet flow to be transmitted both the one or more first cellsand the one or more second cells. The MAC entity of the first RAN entitymay select at least one cell of the one or more first cells and/or theone or more second cells to transmit packets associated with the secondpacket flow.

In an example, when a PDCP packet duplication for the first bearer isdeactivated, the first RAN entity may maintain configurations for thefirst packet flow (e.g. keep the first tunnel for the first packet flow,one or more UE contexts associated with the first packet flow, and/orthe like).

In an example, the first RAN entity may transmit, to the second RANentity, a request to deactivate duplicating packets of the second packetflow (e.g. to deactivate a PDCP packet duplication for the first bearer,to transmit packets only associated with the second packet flow, not totransmit packets associated with the first packet flow, and/or the like)at least based on a traffic load status, a radio channel status, apacket transmission policy, and/or the like of the first RAN entity. Inan example, in response to receiving the request of a PDCP packetduplication deactivation, the second RAN entity may transmit the packetduplication deactivation indication to the first RAN entity.

In an example, the first RAN entity may receive, from the second RANentity, a packet duplication activation indication indicating activationof duplicating packets of the second packet flow (e.g. an indication ofactivating a PDCP packet duplication for the first bearer, transmittingboth packets associated with first packet flow and packets associatedwith the second packet flow, and/or the like). In an example, the packetduplication activation indication may be transmitted via a control planemessage through the F1 interface. The control plane message may be apacket flow (bearer) modification message, a packet flow (bearer)configuration update message, an RRC control message, and/or the like.In an example, the packet duplication activation indication may betransmitted via a user plane indication. The user plane indication maybe a start marker packet (e.g. start marker PDU type packet), a startmarker indication in a PDCP PDU packet header, and/or the like. In anexample, the user plane indication may be a packet associated with thefirst packet flow. By receiving a packet associated with the firstpacket flow, the first RAN entity may implicitly recognize that a PDCPpacket duplication for the first bearer is activated.

In an example, in response to receiving the packet duplicationactivation indication, the first RAN entity may transmit, to thewireless device, packets associated with the first packet flow via theone or more first cells and packets associated with the second packetflow via the one or more second cells. In an example, the one or morefirst cells may be different from the one or more second cells. The MACentity of the first RAN entity may select at least one cell of the oneor more first cells to transmit packets associated with the first packetflow, and/or may select at least one cell of the one or more secondcells to transmit packets associated with the second packet flow.

In an example, when a PDCP packet duplication for the first bearer isactivated, the first RAN entity may utilize configurations maintainedfor the first packet flow (e.g. the first tunnel for the first packetflow, one or more UE contexts associated with the first packet flow,and/or the like).

In an example, the first RAN entity may transmit, to the second RANentity, a request to activate duplicating packets of the second packetflow (e.g. to activate a PDCP packet duplication for the first bearer,to transmit both packets associated with the second packet flow andpackets associated with the first packet flow, and/or the like) at leastbased on a traffic load status, a radio channel status, a packettransmission policy, and/or the like of the first RAN entity. In anexample, in response to receiving the request of a PDCP packetduplication activation, the second RAN entity may transmit the packetduplication activation indication to the first RAN entity.

In an example, the first RAN entity may activate and/or deactivate aPDCP packet duplication for uplink packet transmissions of the firstbearer associated with the first packet flow and/or the second packetflow. The MAC layer of the first RAN entity may transmit a Medium AccessControl Control Element (MAC CE) message to the wireless device, the MACCE message configured to indicate activation or deactivation of anuplink PDCP packet duplication associated with the first packet flowand/or the second packet flow. In response to receiving the MAC CEmessage, the wireless device may activate (e.g. transmit duplicateduplink PDCP packets and original uplink PDCP packets associated with thefirst packet flow and the second packet flow) or deactivate (e.g.suspend/stop transmitting uplink PDCP packets associated with one of thefirst packet flow or the second packet flow).

In an example, the first RAN entity may transmit, to the second RANentity, a first indication indicating activation or deactivation of aPDCP packet duplication for uplink packet transmissions of the firstbearer associated with the first packet flow and/or the second packetflow. The first indication may be transmitted via a bearer (packet flow)modification required message, a bearer (packet flow) configurationmodification message, a RRC control modification message, and/or thelike.

In an example, in response to receiving the MAC CE message, the wirelessdevice may transmit, to the second RAN entity, a second indicationindicating activation or deactivation of a PDCP packet duplication foruplink packet transmissions of the first bearer associated with thefirst packet flow and/or the second packet flow. The second indicationmay be transmitted via a user plane indication. In case of activation,the user plane indication may be a start marker packet (e.g. startmarker PDU type packet), a start marker indication in a PDCP PDU packetheader, and/or the like. In an example, the user plane indication may bea packet associated with the first packet flow. In an example, the userplane indication may be a packet associated with the first packet flow.By receiving a packet associated with the first packet flow, the secondRAN entity may implicitly recognize that a uplink PDCP packetduplication for the first bearer is activated. In case of deactivation,the user plane indication may be an end marker packet (e.g. end markerPDU type packet), an end marker indication in a PDCP PDU packet header,and/or the like.

In an example, at least based on the first indication and/or the secondindication, the second base station may determine further configurationsassociated with the first bearer, the first packet flow, and/or thesecond packet flow, PDCP duplication configurations, and/or the likeconfiguration parameters.

In an example, a first RAN entity may receive, from a second RAN entity,packet flow configuration parameters associated with multiple packetflows for a wireless device. The packet flow configuration parametersmay comprise a packet duplication indication indicating that packets ofa first packet flow are duplications of packets of a second packet flow,wherein the first packet flow and the second packet flow may be of themultiple packet flows. The first RAN entity may transmit, to thewireless device, first packets of the first packet flow via one or morefirst cells and second packets of the second packet flow via one or moresecond cells, wherein the one or more first cells are different from theone or more second cells. The first RAN entity may receive a packetduplication deactivation indication indicating deactivation ofduplicating packets of the second packet flow. The first RAN entity maytransmit at least one packet associated with the second packet flow viaone of the one or more first cells in response to the packet duplicationdeactivation indication.

In an example, the first RAN entity may receive, from the second RANentity, a packet duplication activation indication indicating activationof duplicating packets of the second packet flow. The first RAN entitymay transmit, to the wireless device, first packets of the first packetflow via the one or more first cells and second packets of the secondpacket flow via the one or more second cells. In an example, the firstpacket flow may be associated with a first tunnel, and/or the secondpacket flow may be associated with a second tunnel, wherein the firsttunnel and the second tunnel may be established between the first RANentity and the second RAN entity. The packet flow configurationparameters may further comprise a packet duplication activationindication indicating activation of duplicating packets of the secondpacket flow. The packet flow configuration parameters may furthercomprise a packet duplication deactivation indication indicatingdeactivation of duplicating packets of the second packet flow. In anexample, the first RAN entity may keep configurations associated withthe first packet flow when receiving the packet duplication deactivationindication. The first RAN entity may be a distributed RAN entity, and/orthe second RAN entity may be a central RAN entity.

In existing technologies, if a PDCP packet duplication is configured forat least one bearer of a UE based on a dual connectivity (e.g. multiconnectivity), packets of the at least one bearer may be transmitted viaa master base station (e.g. MgNB, MeNB, M-Node, master gNB) and aduplication of the packets may be transmitted via a secondary basestation (e.g. SgNB, SeNB, S-Node, secondary gNB). In existingtechnologies, a secondary base station may limit a packet transfer rateof a UE based on AMBR for the UE received from a master base station.When receiving same PDCP packets from a base station, a UE may discardlater arriving duplicated packets. When receiving same PDCP packets froma UE, a base station may discard later arriving duplicated packets. Whenmultiple same packets are transmitted, actual received packet rate inreceiver (e.g. UE for downlink, base station for uplink) is determinedwithout counting discarded packets. In an implementation of existingtechnologies, if a secondary base station limits a packet transfer rateof a UE including duplicated PDCP packets, actual packet receiving rateof a receiver may be less than UE's AMBR. Limiting packet transfer ratefor packets of duplicated packet flow may decrease packet transfer rateand transmission reliability. The existing technology may decreaseservice quality and service fairness of a UE. There is a need to developenhance traffic control mechanism of a secondary base station for PDCPpacket duplication.

Example embodiments enhance traffic control of a secondary base stationwhen a secondary base station transmits duplicated PDCP packets of a UE.Example embodiment may improve packet transmission limiting mechanismwhen PDCP packet duplication is configured for a wireless device.Example embodiments may increase packet transfer reliability and servicequality of wireless devices by enhancing duplicated PDCP packet controlmechanisms of a secondary base station.

In an example, an eNB may guarantee the downlink GBR associated with aGBR bearer, may enforce the downlink MBR associated with a GBR bearer,and/or may enforce the downlink AMBR associated with a group of Non-GBRbearers.

In an example, a UE may have an uplink rate control function which maymanage the sharing of uplink resources between radio bearers. RRC maycontrol the uplink rate control function by giving each bearer apriority and a prioritised bit rate (PBR). The values signalled may notbe related to the ones signalled via S1 (NG interface) to the eNB (gNB,base station).

The uplink rate control function may ensure that the UE serves its radiobearer(s) in the following sequence: the radio bearer(s) in decreasingpriority order up to their PBR; and/or the radio bearer(s) in decreasingpriority order for the remaining resources assigned by the grant.

In case the PBRs are all set to zero, the first action may be skippedand the radio bearer(s) may be served in strict priority order: the UEmay maximize the transmission of higher priority data. By limiting thetotal grant to the UE, the eNB may ensure that the UE-AMBR plus the sumof MBRs is not exceeded. Provided the higher layers may be responsive tocongestion indications, the eNB (gNB, base station) may enforce the MBRof an uplink radio bearer by triggering congestion indications towardshigher layers and by shaping the data rate towards the S1 interface (NGinterface). If more than one radio bearer has the same priority, the UEmay serve these radio bearers equally.

In DC (dual connectivity, multi connectivity, tight interworking, and/orthe like), the MeNB (M-Node, master base station, M-NR-RAN, and/or thelike) may ensure that the UE-AMBR is not exceeded by: limiting theresources it allocates to the UE in MCG; and/or indicating to the SeNB(S-Node, secondary base station, S-NR-RAN, and/or the like) a limit sothat the SeNB may also in turn guarantee that this limit is notexceeded. For split bearers the SeNB may ignore the indicated downlinkUE-AMBR. If the SeNB is not configured to serve the uplink for splitbearers, the SeNB may ignore the indicated uplink UE-AMBR.

In an example embodiment, if Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)layer packets are duplicated and transmitted via a radio interface, abase station serving a wireless device may consider duplicated PDCPpackets when the base station limits a packet transmission bit rate atleast based on a bit rate allowed for the wireless device (e.g. a UEaggregated maximum bit rate, UE-AMBR). In an example, when a basestation recognizes a packet flow that is associated with duplicated PDCPpackets, the base station may ignore the packet flow when determiningthat an aggregated bit rate of a wireless device is lower than a bitrate allowed for the wireless device.

In a Carrier Aggregation (CA) based PDCP packet duplication case, a basestation may determine that an aggregated bit rate of a wireless deviceis lower than a bit rate allowed for the wireless device, and/or maycontrol the aggregated bit rate to be lower than the bit rate allowed.In a Dual Connectivity (DC, multi-connectivity, tight-interworking,and/or the like) based PDCP packet duplication case, a secondary basestation (e.g. SgNB, non-standalone base station, SgNB, S-Node, and/orthe like) may determine that an aggregated bit rate of a wireless devicein the secondary base station is lower than a bit rate allowed for thewireless device in the secondary base station, and/or may control theaggregated bit rate to be lower than the bit rate allowed in thesecondary base station. The secondary base station may receive the bitrate allowed in the secondary base station from a master base stationassociated with the wireless device.

In an example, as shown in FIG. 28, a second base station may determineenabling a PDCP packet duplication for a first bearer (e.g. data radiobearer, signaling radio bearer, and/or the like) of a wireless device.In an example, one or more packets transmitted via the first bearer mayrequire high reliability, for example, to support services that may belatency sensitive, packet loss sensitive, packet delay sensitive, and/orthe like (e.g. V2X services, vehicle communication services, medicalcontrol services, transportation control services, emergency service,public security services, and/or the like). By enabling a PDCP packetduplication, a packet loss rate in a PDCP layer may be reduced, and/or apacket transmission latency in a PDCP layer may decrease because a basestation (in an uplink transmission case) or a wireless device (in adownlink transmission case) may be able to receive a PDCP packet thatarrives earlier among an original PDCP packet and a duplicated PDCPpacket.

In an example, to enable a PDCP packet duplication for the first bearer,the second base station may initiate a CA based PDCP packet duplicationby establishing a packet flow (e.g. RLC channel, radio bearer, logicalchannel, and/or the like) for duplicated PDCP packets, the packet flowdifferent (or independent) from a packet flow for original PDCP packets.The second base station may initiate a CA based PDCP packet duplicationby creating an RLC entity for duplicated PDCP packets, the RLC entitydifferent (or independent) form an RLC entity for original PDCP packets.In an example, the packet flows (e.g. RLC channel, radio bearer, logicalchannel, and/or the like) and/or the RLC entities for duplicated PDCPpackets and/or original PDCP packets may be established in the secondbase station. In an example, original PDCP packets and duplicated PDCPpackets may be transmitted via the second base station. In an example,duplicated PDCP packets of the first bearer may be transmitted via oneor more cells different from cells that original PDCP packets of thefirst bearer are transmitted via.

In an example, as shown in FIG. 29 and FIG. 30, to enable a PDCP packetduplication for the first bearer, the second base station (e.g. masterbase station) may employ a first base station (e.g. secondary basestation, non-standalone base station, SgNB, S-Node, and/or the like) byestablishing a packet flow (e.g. RLC channel, radio bearer, logicalchannel, and/or the like) for at least one of duplicated PDCP packetsand/or original PDCP packets in the first base station, and/or bycreating an RLC entity for at least one of duplicated PDCP packetsand/or original PDCP packets in the first base station. In an example,original PDCP packets may be transmitted via the second base station,and duplicated PDCP packets may be transmitted via the first basestation. In an example, duplicated PDCP packets may be transmitted viathe second base station, and original PDCP packets may be transmittedvia the first base station. In an example, original PDCP packets andduplicated PDCP packets may be transmitted via the first base station(e.g. secondary base station, non-standalone base station, SgNB, S-Node,and/or the like). In an example, duplicated PDCP packets of the firstbearer may be transmitted via one or more cells different from cellsthat original PDCP packets of the first bearer are transmitted via.

In an example, the second base station may initiate a dual connectivity(e.g. DC, multi-connectivity, tight-interworking, and/or the like) forthe wireless device with the first base station when enabling a PDCPpacket duplication for the first bearer. In an example, the second basestation may have a dual connectivity (e.g. DC, multi-connectivity,tight-interworking, and/or the like) for the wireless device with thefirst base station before enabling a PDCP packet duplication for thefirst bearer, and may employ the existing dual connectivity (e.g. DC,multi-connectivity, tight-interworking, and/or the like) with the firstbase station for a PDCP packet duplication.

In an example, the second base station (e.g. master base station,standalone base station, MgNB, M-Node, M-NG-RAN, and/or the like) maytransmit, to the first base station (e.g. secondary base station,non-standalone base station, SgNB, S-Node, S-NG-RAN, and/or the like), afirst message associated with the wireless device to enable a PDCPpacket duplication via the first base station. The first message may betransmitted via a direct interface (e.g. Xn interface, X2 interface, Xxinterface, and/or the like) between the second base station and thefirst base station. In an example, the first message may be an S-Node(SeNB, SgNB, S-NG-RAN, secondary base station) addition request message,which may be configured to initiate a dual connectivity (e.g. DC,multi-connectivity, tight-interworking, and/or the like) for thewireless device with the first base station. In an example, the firstmessage may be an S-Node (SeNB, SgNB, S-NG-RAN, secondary base station)modification request message, which may be configured to modify anexisting dual connectivity (e.g. DC, multi-connectivity,tight-interworking, and/or the like) for the wireless device with thefirst base station.

In an example, the first message may comprise at least one of a wirelessdevice (UE) identifier of the wireless device, wireless device securitycapability information, secondary base station security key information,serving PLMN information, Radio Resource Control (RRC) configurationinformation (e.g. MgNB to SgNB container, SCG configuration informationmessage, and/or the like), Closed Cell Group (CSG) membership statusinformation, a secondary base station wireless device aggregated maximumbit rate (e.g. SgNB/SeNB UE AMBR, an Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate (AMBR)of the wireless device at the first base station), one or more packetflow configuration parameters, and/or the like.

In an example, the first message may comprise one or more packet flowconfiguration parameters for a first packet flow (e.g. RLC channel,radio bearer, logical channel, and/or the like). In an example, the oneor more packet flow configuration parameters may comprise a Packet DataConvergence Protocol (PDCP) packet duplication indication for the firstpacket flow, a PDU session identifier, PDU session QoS parameters, anuplink GTP tunnel endpoint identifier (e.g. of a user plane core networkentity, and/or UPF), and/or the like. In an example, the one or morepacket flow configuration parameters may be configured for an SCG bearer(e.g. a bearer established from a core network to the first base stationdirectly), a split bearer (e.g. a split bearer established from a corenetwork to the first base station via the second base stationindirectly, wherein packets of another split bearer (other part ofbearer) are transmitted directly from a core network entity to thesecond base station and the wireless device), an SCG split bearer (e.g.a bearer established from a core network to the first base stationdirectly, wherein packets for another split bearer (other part ofbearer) are transmitted towards the second base station from a corenetwork entity indirectly via the first base station), a duplicated PDCPbearer (e.g. a bearer for duplicated PDCP packets, or a bearer fororiginal PDCP packets), an original PDCP bearer (e.g. for original PDCPpackets in case of PDCP duplication), and/or the like. In an example,both a bearer for duplicated PDCP packets and a bearer for original PDCPpackets may be established via the first base station (e.g. secondarybase station, S-Node, S-NG-RAN, SgNB, and/or the like).

In an example, the PDCP packet duplication indication may indicate thatthe first packet flow is to transmit duplicated PDCP packets and/or totransmit original PDCP packets. The PDCP packet duplication indicationmay further indicate that the first packet flow is to transmitduplicated PDCP packets associated with the first bearer, and/or totransmit original PDCP packets associated with the first bearer. In anexample, there may be no differentiation between duplicated packets andoriginal packets. Duplicated packets may be considered as originalpackets, and/or original packets may be considered as duplicated packetswhen a PDCP packet duplication is applied. The PDCP packet duplicationindication may indicate that the first packet flow is associated with aPDCP packet duplication. The PDCP packet duplication indication mayindicate that the first packet flow is associated with a PDCP packetduplication for the first bearer.

In an example, the AMBR (e.g. SgNB/SeNB/S-Node/S-NG-RAN UE AMBR) of thewireless device at the first base station (e.g. at a secondary basestation) may indicate a bit rate that is allowed at the first basestation for the wireless device. The AMBR may be determined by thesecond base station (e.g. master base station, M-Node, M-NG-RAN, and/orthe like).

In an example, in response to receiving the first message, the firstbase station may configure one or more contexts, one or moreconfigurations for the first packet flow. In an example, in response toreceiving the first message, the first base station may transmit, to thesecond base station, a second message configured to indicate aconfirmation of one or more elements of the first message. The secondmessage may be an S-Node (SeNB, SgNB, S-NG-RAN, secondary base station)addition request acknowledge message when the first message is an S-Node(SeNB, SgNB, S-NG-RAN, secondary base station) addition request message.The second message may be an S-Node (SeNB, SgNB, S-NG-RAN, secondarybase station) modification request acknowledge message when the firstmessage is an S-Node (SeNB, SgNB, S-NG-RAN, secondary base station)modification request message. In an example, the second message maycomprise one or more allowed bearer (packet flow, QoS flow, RLC channel,logical channel, PDU session, and/or the like) list to be setup, one ormore rejected bearer list of bearers not allowed, and/or the like.

In an example, the first base station may receive, from the second basestation, one or more downlink packets associated with the first packetflow via the Xn interface, and/or may transmit the one or more downlinkpackets to the wireless device via one or more radio interfaces. Thefirst base station may receive, from the wireless device, one or moreuplink packets associated with the first packet flow via one or moreradio interfaces, and/or may transmit the one or more uplink packets tothe second base station via the Xn interface.

In an example, the first base station may ignore the one or more uplinkpackets associated with the first packet flow and the one or moredownlink packets associated with the first packet flow when determiningthat an aggregated bit rate for the wireless device at the first basestation is less than the AMBR at least based on the PDCP packetduplication indication. In an example, the first base station may notcount the one or more uplink packets and the one or more downlinkpackets associated with the first packet flow when limiting anaggregated bit rate of the wireless device. In an example, when a sum ofbit rates of other packet flows (e.g. for uplink and/or downlink) forthe wireless device is same to the AMBR for the wireless device at thefirst base station, the first base station may transmit uplink and/ordownlink packets associated with the first packet flow to the secondbase station and/or the wireless device.

In an example, the first base station may be a distributed RAN entity,and the second base station may be a central RAN entity. When thedistributed RAN entity receives and/or transmits one or more packetsassociated with the first packet flow, the distributed RAN entity mayignore the one or more packets when determining that an aggregated bitrate of the wireless device at the distributed RAN entity does notexceed the AMBR for the wireless device at the distributed RAN entity.

In an example, a first base station may receive, from a second basestation, a first message for a wireless device, the first messagecomprising: an Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate (AMBR) of the wireless deviceat the first base station; and/or a Packet Data Convergence Protocol(PDCP) packet duplication indication indicating that a first packet flowis to transmit duplicated PDCP packets. The first base station maytransmit, to the wireless device, one or more packets associated withthe first packet flow. The first base station may receive, from thewireless device, one or more packets associated with the first packetflow. In an example, the first base station may ignore the one or morepackets when determining that a bit rate for the wireless device is lessthan the AMBR at least based on the PDCP packet duplication indication.In an example, the first base station may transmit/receive the one ormore packets to/from the second base station.

In an example, the first base station may receive, from the wirelessdevice, one or more uplink packets associated with the first packetflow, and/or transmit, to the second base station, the one or moreuplink packets. The first base station may ignore the one or more uplinkpackets when limiting a bit rate for the wireless device based on theAMBR. In an example, the first message may be at least one of: adual/multi connectivity initiation request message; and/or a dual/multiconnectivity modification request messages. In an example, the firstpacket flow may be at least one of a Radio Link Control (RLC) channel, alogical channel, a radio bearer, and/or a QoS channel.

According to various embodiments, a device such as, for example, awireless device, a base station, base station central unit, a basestation distributed unit, a core network entity, and/or the like, maycomprise one or more processors and memory. The memory may storeinstructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, causethe device to perform a series of actions. Embodiments of exampleactions are illustrated in the accompanying figures and specification.Features from various embodiments may be combined to create yet furtherembodiments.

FIG. 32 is an example flow diagram as per an aspect of an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. At 3210, a base station distributed unit mayreceive information elements from a base station central unit. Theinformation elements may comprise at least one bearer configurationinformation element indicating that packet data convergence protocol(PDCP) packet duplication is configured for at least one first bearer ofa wireless device. The information elements may comprise at least oneinformation element indicating activation of the PDCP packet duplicationof the at least one first bearer. At 3220, the base station distributedunit may transmit, to the wireless device and in response to the atleast one information element indicating the activation of the PDCPpacket duplication, a medium access control control element. The mediumaccess control control element may indicate the activation of the PDCPpacket duplication of the at least one first bearer. At 3230, the basestation distributed unit may receive, based on the medium access controlcontrol element, PDCP packets of the at least one first bearer. The basestation distributed unit may receive, based on the medium access controlcontrol element, duplicated PDCP packets of the at least one firstbearer

According to an example embodiment, the wireless device may generate, inresponse to the medium access control control element, the duplicatedPDCP packets of the at least one first bearer by duplicating the PDCPpackets of the at least one first bearer. According to an exampleembodiment, the at least one bearer configuration information elementmay indicate a first tunnel for the PDCP packets and a second tunnel forthe duplicated PDCP packets. According to an example embodiment, thefirst tunnel and the second tunnel may be established between the basestation distributed unit and the base station central unit in responseto the at least one bearer configuration information element. Accordingto an example embodiment, the base station distributed unit may receivethe PDCP packets via one or more first cells. According to an exampleembodiment, the base station distributed unit may receive the duplicatedPDCP packets via one or more second cells. According to an exampleembodiment, the one or more first cells are different than the one ormore second cells. According to an example embodiment, the at least oneinformation element indicating the activation of the PDCP packetduplication is based on a traffic load status of the base stationcentral unit. According to an example embodiment, the base stationdistributed unit may transmit to the base station central unit a requestmessage indicating a duplication activation or deactivation request toactivate or deactivate duplication of PDCP packets of the at least onefirst bearer. According to an example embodiment, the duplicationactivation or deactivation request may be for downlink PDCP packets.According to an example embodiment, the duplication activation ordeactivation request may be for uplink PDCP packets. According to anexample embodiment, the duplication activation or deactivation requestmay be based on status information of the base station distributed unit.According to an example embodiment, the status information may compriseat least one of a traffic load status, a radio channel status, or apacket transmission policy.

According to an example embodiment, the base station central unit maytransmit, based on the request message, the at least one informationelement indicating the activation of the PDCP packet duplication.According to an example embodiment, the base station distributed unitmay receive from the base station central unit at least one secondparameter indicating deactivation of the PDCP packet duplication of theat least one first bearer. According to an example embodiment, thedeactivation of the PDCP packet duplication of the at least one firstbearer may be for at least one of downlink PDCP packets or uplink PDCPpackets. According to an example embodiment, the at least one secondparameter may comprise an end marker packet of user plane data packetsof the at least one first bearer. According to an example embodiment,the base station central unit may transmit the at least one secondparameter based on a second request message. According to an exampleembodiment, the second request message may comprise at least one of: afield indicating duplication deactivation request to deactivateduplication of PDCP packets of the at least one first bearer, a trafficload status, a radio channel status, or a packet transmission policy.According to an example embodiment, the deactivation request todeactivate duplication of PDCP packets of the at least one first bearermay be for at least one of downlink PDCP packets or uplink PDCP packets.

According to an example embodiment, the base station distributed unitmay receive from the base station central unit at least one secondparameter indicating deactivation of the PDCP packet duplication of theat least one first bearer. According to an example embodiment, the basestation distributed unit may transmit, to the wireless device and inresponse to the at least one second parameter, a second medium accesscontrol control element. According to an example embodiment, the secondmedium access control control element may indicate the deactivation ofthe PDCP packet duplication of the at least one first bearer. Accordingto an example embodiment, the base station distributed unit may receive,in response to the second medium access control control element, atleast one PDCP packet of the at least one first bearer via at least oneof the one or more first cells and the one or more second cells.According to an example embodiment, a base station may comprise the basestation central unit and the base station distributed unit. According toan example embodiment, the base station central unit may comprise atleast one of a radio resource control function for the wireless deviceor a packet data convergence protocol function for the wireless device.According to an example embodiment, the base station distributed unitmay comprise at least one of a medium access control layer function forthe wireless device or a physical layer function for the wirelessdevice. According to an example embodiment, the information elements maybe received via an F1 interface. According to an example embodiment, theduplicated PDCP packets of the at least one first bearer may uplink PDCPpackets.

FIG. 33 is an example flow diagram as per an aspect of an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. At 3310, a base station distributed unit mayreceive, from a base station central unit, information elements. Theinformation elements may comprise at least one bearer configurationinformation element indicating that packet data convergence protocol(PDCP) packet duplication is configured for at least one first bearer ofa wireless device. The information elements may comprise at least oneinformation element indicating activation of the PDCP packet duplicationof the at least one first bearer. At 3320, the base station distributedunit may transmit, to the wireless device, a radio resource controlmessage. The RRC message may comprise at least one configurationparameter indicating that the PDCP packet duplication is configured forthe at least one first bearer. At 3330, the base station distributedunit may receive, based on the activation of the PDCP packetduplication, PDCP packets of the at least one first bearer andduplicated PDCP packets of the at least one first bearer.

FIG. 34 is an example flow diagram as per an aspect of an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. At 3410, the base station distributed unit mayreceive, from a base station central unit, a first message. The firstmessage may comprise bearer configuration parameters for packet dataconvergence protocol (PDCP) packet duplication of a first bearer for awireless device. At 3420, the base station distributed unit may receive,from the base station central unit, a second message. The second messagemay comprise at least one parameter indicating activation of the PDCPpacket duplication of the first bearer. At 3430, the base stationdistributed unit may transmit, based on the activation of PDCP packetduplication, PDCP packets of the first bearer and duplicated PDCPpackets of the first bearer.

According to an example embodiment, the base station central unit maygenerate the duplicated PDCP packets of the first bearer by duplicatingthe PDCP packets of the first bearer. According to an exampleembodiment, the base station distributed unit may perform thetransmitting to the wireless device. According to an example embodiment,the base station distributed unit may perform the transmitting to thebase station central unit. According to an example embodiment, the firstmessage may indicate a first tunnel for the PDCP packets. According toan example embodiment, the first message may indicate a second tunnelfor the duplicated PDCP packets. According to an example embodiment, thefirst tunnel and the second tunnel may be established, in response tothe first message, between the base station distributed unit and thebase station central unit. According to an example embodiment, the basestation distributed unit may transmit the PDCP packets via one or morefirst cells. According to an example embodiment, the base stationdistributed unit may transmit the duplicated PDCP packets via one ormore second cells. According to an example embodiment, the one or morefirst cells may be different than the one or more second cells.According to an example embodiment, the base station distributed unitmay transmit, to the wireless device and in response to receiving thesecond message, a medium access control control element. The mediumaccess control control element may indicate activation of the PDCPpacket duplication of the first bearer.

According to an example embodiment, the bearer configuration parametersmay comprise at least one of a duplication activation parameterindicating activation of PDCP packet duplication of the first bearer ora duplication deactivation parameter indicating deactivation of PDCPpacket duplication of the first bearer. According to an exampleembodiment, the bearer configuration parameters may further comprise aduplication parameter. The duplication parameter may indicate activationof PDCP packet duplication of the first bearer or deactivation of PDCPpacket duplication of the first bearer. According to an exampleembodiment, the at least one parameter of the second message may bebased on a traffic load status of the base station central unit.According to an example embodiment, the base station distributed unitmay transmit, to the base station central unit, a request messageindicating a duplication activation or deactivation request to activateor deactivate duplication of PDCP packets of the first bearer. Theduplication activation or deactivation request may be for at least oneof downlink PDCP packets or uplink PDCP packets. According to an exampleembodiment, the duplication activation or deactivation request may bebased on status information of the base station distributed unit. Thestatus information may comprise at least one of a traffic load status, aradio channel status, or a packet transmission policy.

According an example embodiment, the base station central unit maytransmit the second message based on the request message. According toan example embodiment, the base station distributed unit may receive,from the base station central unit, at least one second parameter. Theat least one second parameter may indicate deactivation of the PDCPpacket duplication of the first bearer for at least one of downlink PDCPpackets or uplink PDCP packets. According to an example embodiment, theat least one second parameter may comprise an end marker packet of userplane data packets of the first bearer. According to an exampleembodiment, the base station central unit may transmit the at least onesecond parameter based on a second request message. The second requestmessage may comprise at least one of a field indicating duplicationdeactivation request to deactivate duplication of PDCP packets of thefirst bearer, a traffic load status, a radio channel status, or a packettransmission policy. The at least one of a field indicating duplicationdeactivation request to deactivate duplication of PDCP packets of thefirst bearer may be for at least one of downlink PDCP packets or uplinkPDCP packets. According to an example embodiment, the base stationdistributed unit may receive, from the base station central unit, atleast one second parameter indicating deactivation of the PDCP packetduplication of the first bearer. According to an example embodiment, thebase station distributed unit may transmit, in response to receiving theat least one second parameter, at least one PDCP packet of the at leastone first bearer. The base station distributed unit may transmit the atleast one PDCP packet of the at least one first bearer via at least oneof the one or more first cells and the one or more second cells.

According to an example embodiment, a base station may comprise the basestation central unit and the base station distributed unit. According toan example embodiment, the base station central unit may comprise atleast one of a radio resource control function for the wireless deviceor a packet data convergence protocol function for the wireless device.According to an example embodiment, the base station distributed unitmay comprise at least one of a medium access control layer function forthe wireless device or a physical layer function for the wirelessdevice. According to an example embodiment, the first message and thesecond message may be received via an F1 interface. According to anexample embodiment, the duplicated PDCP packets of the first bearer maycomprise at least one of uplink PDCP packets or downlink PDCP packets.

FIG. 35 is an example flow diagram as per an aspect of an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. At 3510, a base station distributed unit mayreceive, from a base station central unit, a first message. The firstmessage ma comprise bearer configuration parameters for packet dataconvergence protocol (PDCP) packet duplication of a first bearer for awireless device. At 3520, the base station distributed unit may receive,from the base station central unit, a second message. The second messagemay comprise at least one parameter indicating activation of the PDCPpacket duplication of the first bearer. At 3530, the base stationdistributed unit may transmit, to the wireless device and in response tothe second message, a medium access control control element. The mediumaccess control control element may indicate the activation of the PDCPpacket duplication of the first bearer. At 3540, the base stationdistributed unit may receive, from the wireless device, duplicated PDCPpackets of the first bearer.

FIG. 36 is an example flow diagram as per an aspect of an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. At 3610, a base station distributed unit mayreceive, from a base station central unit, a first message. The firstmessage may comprise bearer configuration parameters for packet dataconvergence protocol (PDCP) packet duplication of a bearer for awireless device. At 3620, the base station distributed unit may receive,from the base station central unit, a second message. The second messagemay comprise at least one parameter indicating deactivation of the PDCPpacket duplication of a first bearer. At 3630, the base stationdistributed unit may stop transmitting, to the wireless device and basedon the deactivation of the PDCP packet duplication, at least oneduplicated PDCP packet of the first bearer.

FIG. 37 is an example flow diagram as per an aspect of an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. At 3710, a base station distributed unit mayreceive, from a base station central unit, a first message. The firstmessage may comprise bearer configuration parameters for packet dataconvergence protocol (PDCP) packet duplication of a first bearer for awireless device. At 3720, the base station distributed unit may receive,from the base station central unit, a second message. The second messagemay comprise at least one parameter indicating deactivation of the PDCPpacket duplication of the first bearer. At 3730, the base stationdistributed unit may stop transmitting, to the base station central unitand based on the deactivation of the PDCP packet duplication, at leastone duplicated PDCP packet of the first bearer.

FIG. 38 is an example flow diagram as per an aspect of an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. At 3810, a base station central unit transmits,to a base station distributed unit, a first message. The first messagemay comprise bearer configuration parameters for packet data convergenceprotocol (PDCP) packet duplication of a first bearer for a wirelessdevice. At 3820, the base station central unit may transmit, to the basestation distributed unit, a second message. The second message maycomprise at least one parameter indicating activation of the PDCP packetduplication of the first bearer. At 3830, the base station central unitmay transmit, to the base station distributed unit and based on theactivation of the PDCP packet duplication, duplicated PDCP packets ofthe first bearer.

FIG. 39 is an example flow diagram as per an aspect of an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. At 3910, a base station distributed unit mayreceive, from a base station central unit, a first message. The firstmessage may comprise bearer configuration parameters for packet dataconvergence protocol (PDCP) packet duplication of a first bearer for awireless device. At 3920, the base station distributed unit may receive,from the base station central unit, a second message. The second messagemay comprise at least one parameter. The at least one parameter mayindicate activation of the PDCP packet duplication of the first bearer.At 3930, the base station distributed unit may transmit, based on theactivation of PDCP packet duplication, duplicated PDCP packets of thefirst bearer.

FIG. 40 is an example flow diagram as per an aspect of an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. At 4010, a base station distributed unit mayreceive, from a base station central unit, a first message. The firstmessage may comprise at least one bearer configuration parameterindicating that packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) packetduplication is configured for at least one first bearer of a wirelessdevice. At 4020, the base station distributed unit may receive, from thebase station central unit, a second message. The second message maycomprise at least one parameter indicating activation of the PDCP packetduplication of the at least one first bearer. At 4030, the base stationdistributed unit may transmit, based on the at least one parameterindicating the activation of the PDCP packet duplication, PDCP packetsof the at least one first bearer. The base station distributed maytransmit, based on the at least one parameter indicating the activationof the PDCP packet duplication, duplicated PDCP packets of the at leastone first bearer.

FIG. 41 is an example flow diagram as per an aspect of an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. At 4110, a base station distributed unit mayreceive, from a base station central unit, information elements. Theinformation elements may comprise at least one bearer configurationinformation element. The bearer configuration information element mayindicate that packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) packet duplicationis configured for at least one first bearer of a wireless device. Theinformation elements may comprise at least one information elementindicating activation of the PDCP packet duplication of the at least onefirst bearer. At 4120, the base station distributed unit may transmit,based on the information elements, PDCP packets of the at least onefirst bearer. The base station distributed unit may transmit, based onthe information elements, duplicated PDCP packets of the at least onefirst bearer.

According to an example embodiment, the base station central unit maygenerate the duplicated PDCP packets of the at least one first bearer byduplicating the PDCP packets of the at least one first bearer. Accordingto an example embodiment, the base station distributed unit may performthe transmitting to the wireless device. According to an exampleembodiment, the base station distributed unit may perform thetransmitting to the base station central unit. According to an exampleembodiment, the at least one bearer configuration information elementmay indicate a first tunnel for the PDCP packets and a second tunnel forthe duplicated PDCP packets. According to an example embodiment, thefirst tunnel and the second tunnel may be established, between the basestation distributed unit and the base station central unit, in responseto the at least one bearer configuration information element. Accordingto an example embodiment, the base station distributed unit may transmitthe PDCP packets via one or more first cells and the duplicated PDCPpackets via one or more second cells. According to an exampleembodiment, the one or more first cells may be different than the one ormore second cells. According to an example embodiment, the base stationdistributed unit may transmit, to the wireless device and in response toreceiving the at least one information element indicating the activationof the PDCP packet duplication, a medium access control control element.The medium access control control element may indicate the activation ofthe PDCP packet duplication of the at least one first bearer.

According to an example embodiment, the at least one information elementmay indicate the activation of the PDCP packet duplication is based on atraffic load status of the base station central unit. According to anexample embodiment, the base station distributed unit may transmit, tothe base station central unit, a request message. The request messagemay indicate a duplication activation or deactivation request toactivate or deactivate duplication of PDCP packets of the at least onefirst bearer. According to an example embodiment, the duplicationactivation or deactivation request may be for at least one of downlinkPDCP packets or uplink PDCP packets. According to an example embodiment,the duplication activation or deactivation request may be based onstatus information of the base station distributed unit. The statusinformation may comprise at least one of a traffic load status, a radiochannel status, or a packet transmission policy. According to an exampleembodiment, the base station central unit may transmit, based on therequest message, the at least one information element. The at least oneinformation element may indicate the activation of the PDCP packetduplication. According to an example embodiment, the base stationdistributed unit may receive, from the base station central unit, atleast one second parameter indicating deactivation of the PDCP packetduplication of the at least one first bearer for at least one ofdownlink PDCP packets or uplink PDCP packets. According to an exampleembodiment, the at least one second parameter may comprise an end markerpacket of user plane data packets of the at least one first bearer.According to an example embodiment, the base station central unit maytransmit the at least one second parameter based on a second requestmessage. The second request message may comprise at least one of a fieldindicating duplication deactivation request to deactivate duplication ofPDCP packets of the at least one first bearer, a traffic load status, aradio channel status, or a packet transmission policy. The fieldindicating duplication deactivation request to deactivate duplication ofPDCP packets of the at least one first bearer may be for at least one ofdownlink PDCP packets or uplink PDCP packets.

According to an example embodiment, the base station distributed unitmay receive, from the base station central unit, at least one secondparameter indicating deactivation of the PDCP packet duplication of theat least one first bearer. According to an example embodiment, the basestation distributed unit may transmit, in response to receiving the atleast one second parameter, at least one PDCP packet of the at least onefirst bearer via at least one of the one or more first cells and the oneor more second cells. According to an example embodiment, a base stationmay comprise the base station central unit and the base stationdistributed unit. According to an example embodiment, the base stationcentral unit may comprise at least one of a radio resource controlfunction for the wireless device or a packet data convergence protocolfunction for the wireless device. According to an example embodiment,the base station distributed unit may comprise at least one of a mediumaccess control layer function for the wireless device or a physicallayer function for the wireless device. According to an exampleembodiment, the information elements may be received via an F1interface. According to an example embodiment, the duplicated PDCPpackets of the at least one first bearer may comprise at least one ofuplink PDCP packets or downlink PDCP packets.

FIG. 42 is an example flow diagram as per an aspect of an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. At 4210, a base station distributed unit mayreceive, from a base station central unit, information elements. Theinformation elements may comprise at least one bearer configurationinformation element indicating that packet data convergence protocol(PDCP) packet duplication is configured for at least one first bearer ofa wireless device. The information elements may comprise at least oneinformation element indicating activation of the PDCP packet duplicationof the at least one first bearer. At 4220, the base station distributedunit may transmit, based on the at least one information elementindicating the activation of the PDCP packet duplication, PDCP packetsof the at least one first bearer. The base station distributed unit maytransmit, based on the at least one information element indicating theactivation of the PDCP packet duplication, duplicated PDCP packets ofthe at least one first bearer.

FIG. 43 is an example flow diagram as per an aspect of an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. At 4310, a base station distributed unit mayreceive, from a base station central unit, information elements. Theinformation elements may comprise at least one bearer configurationinformation element. The bearer configuration information element mayindicate that packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) packet duplicationis configured for at least one first bearer of a wireless device. Theinformation elements may comprise at least one information element. Theat least one information element may indicate activation of the PDCPpacket duplication of the at least one first bearer. At 4320, the basestation distributed unit may transmit, to the wireless device, a radioresource control message. The radio resource control message maycomprise at least one configuration parameter. The at least oneconfiguration parameter may indicate that the PDCP packet duplication isconfigured for the at least one first bearer. At 4330, the base stationdistributed unit may transmit, to the wireless device and in response tothe at least one information element indicating the activation of thePDCP packet duplication, a medium access control control element. Themedium access control control element may indicate the activation of thePDCP packet duplication of the at least one first bearer. At 4340, thebase station distributed unit may receive, based on the medium accesscontrol control element, PDCP packets of the at least one first bearer.the base station distributed unit may receive, based on the mediumaccess control control element, duplicated PDCP packets of the at leastone first bearer.

According to an example embodiment, the wireless device may generate, inresponse to the medium access control control element, the duplicatedPDCP packets of the at least one first bearer by duplicating the PDCPpackets of the at least one first bearer. According to an exampleembodiment, the at least one bearer configuration information elementmay indicate a first tunnel for the PDCP packets and a second tunnel forthe duplicated PDCP packets. According to an example embodiment, thefirst tunnel and the second tunnel may be established, in response tothe at least one bearer configuration information element, between thebase station distributed unit and the base station central unit.According to an example embodiment, the base station distributed unitmay receive the PDCP packets via one or more first cells. The basestation distributed unit may receive the duplicated PDCP packets via oneor more second cells. According to an example embodiment, the one ormore first cells may be different than the one or more second cells.According to an example embodiment, the at least one information elementmay indicate the activation of the PDCP packet duplication is based on atraffic load status of the base station central unit. According to anexample embodiment, the base station distributed unit may transmit, tothe base station central unit, a request message indicating aduplication activation or deactivation request to activate or deactivateduplication of PDCP packets of the at least one first bearer. Accordingto an example embodiment, the duplication activation or deactivationrequest may be for at least one of downlink PDCP packets or uplink PDCPpackets. According to an example embodiment, the duplication activationor deactivation request may be based on status information of the basestation distributed unit. The status information may comprise at leastone of a traffic load status, a radio channel status, or a packettransmission policy.

According to an example embodiment, the base station central unit maytransmit, based on the request message, the at least one informationelement. The at least one information element may indicate theactivation of the PDCP packet duplication. According to an exampleembodiment, the base station distributed unit may receive, from the basestation central unit, at least one second parameter. The at least onesecond parameter may indicate deactivation of the PDCP packetduplication of the at least one first bearer for at least one ofdownlink PDCP packets or uplink PDCP packets. According to an exampleembodiment, the at least one second parameter may comprise an end markerpacket of user plane data packets of the at least one first bearer.According to an example embodiment, the base station central unit maytransmit the at least one second parameter based on a second requestmessage. The second request message may comprise at least one of a fieldindicating duplication deactivation request to deactivate duplication ofPDCP packets of the at least one first bearer, a traffic load status, aradio channel status, or a packet transmission policy. According to anexample embodiment, the base station distributed unit may receive, fromthe base station central unit, at least one second parameter. The secondparameter may indicate deactivation of the PDCP packet duplication ofthe at least one first bearer. According to an example embodiment, thebase station distributed unit may transmit, to the wireless device andin response to the at least one second parameter, a second medium accesscontrol control element. The second medium access control controlelement may indicate the deactivation of the PDCP packet duplication ofthe at least one first bearer.

According to an example embodiment, the base station distributed unitmay receive, in response to the second medium access control controlelement, at least one PDCP packet of the at least one first bearer.According to an example embodiment, a base station may comprise the basestation central unit and the base station distributed unit. According toan example embodiment, the base station central unit may comprise atleast one of a radio resource control function for the wireless deviceor a packet data convergence protocol function for the wireless device.According to an example embodiment, the base station distributed unitmay comprise at least one of a medium access control layer function forthe wireless device or a physical layer function for the wirelessdevice. According to an example embodiment, the information elements maybe received via an F1 interface. According to an example embodiment, theduplicated PDCP packets of the at least one first bearer may compriseuplink PDCP packets.

FIG. 44 is an example flow diagram as per an aspect of an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. At 4410, a base station distributed unit mayreceive, from a base station central unit, at least one informationelement. The at least one information element may indicate activation ofa packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) packet duplication of at leastone first bearer of a wireless device. At 4420, the base stationdistributed unit may transmit, to the wireless device and in response tothe at least one information element indicating the activation of thePDCP packet duplication, a medium access control control element. Themedium access control control element may indicate the activation of thePDCP packet duplication of the at least one first bearer. At 4430, thebase station distributed unit may receive, based on the medium accesscontrol control element, PDCP packets of the at least one first bearer.The base station distributed unit may receive, based on the mediumaccess control control element, duplicated PDCP packets of the at leastone first bearer

FIG. 45 is an example flow diagram as per an aspect of an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. At 4510, a base station distributed unit mayreceive, from a base station central unit, at least one informationelement. The at least one information element may indicate activation ofa packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) packet duplication of at leastone first bearer of a wireless device. At 4520, the base stationdistributed unit may transmit, based on the activation, PDCP packets ofthe at least one first bearer. The base station distributed unit maytransmit, based on the activation, duplicated PDCP packets of the atleast one first bearer

FIG. 46 is an example flow diagram as per an aspect of an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. At 4610, a base station distributed unit mayreceive, from a base station central unit, a first message. The firstmessage may comprise at least one bearer configuration parameterindicating that packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) packetduplication is configured for at least one first bearer of a wirelessdevice. At 4620, the base station distributed unit may receive, from thebase station central unit, a second message. The second message maycomprise at least one parameter. The at least one parameter may indicatedeactivation of the PDCP packet duplication of the at least one firstbearer. At 4630, the base station distributed unit may stoptransmitting, based on the at least one parameter indicating thedeactivation of the PDCP packet duplication, duplicated PDCP packets ofthe at least one first bearer.

FIG. 47 is an example flow diagram as per an aspect of an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. At 4710, a base station distributed unit mayreceive, from a base station central unit, information elements. Theinformation elements may comprise at least one bearer configurationinformation element indicating that packet data convergence protocol(PDCP) packet duplication is configured for at least one first bearer ofa wireless device. The information elements may comprise at least oneinformation element indicating deactivation of the PDCP packetduplication of the at least one first bearer. At 4720, the base stationdistributed unit may stop transmitting, based on the at least oneinformation element indicating the deactivation of the PDCP packetduplication, duplicated PDCP packets of the at least one first bearer.

FIG. 48 is an example flow diagram as per an aspect of an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. At 4810, a base station distributed unit mayreceive, from a base station central unit, information elements. Theinformation elements may comprise at least one bearer configurationinformation element indicating that packet data convergence protocol(PDCP) packet duplication is configured for at least one first bearer ofa wireless device. The information elements may comprise at least oneinformation element indicating deactivation of the PDCP packetduplication of the at least one first bearer. At 4820, the base stationdistributed unit may transmit, to the wireless device, a radio resourcecontrol message. The radio resource message may comprise at least oneconfiguration parameter. The at least one configuration parameter mayindicate that the PDCP packet duplication is configured for the at leastone first bearer. At 4830, the base station distributed unit maytransmit, to the wireless device and in response to the at least oneinformation element indicating the deactivation of the PDCP packetduplication, a medium access control control element. The medium accesscontrol control element may indicate the deactivation of the PDCP packetduplication of the at least one first bearer. At 4840, the base stationdistributed unit may stop transmitting, based on the deactivation of thePDCP packet duplication, duplicated PDCP packets of the at least onefirst bearer.

FIG. 49 is an example flow diagram as per an aspect of an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. At 4910, a base station distributed unit mayreceive, from a base station central unit, at least one informationelement. The at least one information element may indicate deactivationof a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) packet duplication of atleast one first bearer of a wireless device. At 4920, the base stationdistributed unit may transmit, to the wireless device and in response tothe at least one information element indicating the deactivation of thePDCP packet duplication, a medium access control control element. Themedium access control control element may indicate the deactivation ofthe PDCP packet duplication of the at least one first bearer. At 4930,the base station distributed unit may stop transmitting, based on themedium access control control element, duplicated PDCP packets of the atleast one first bearer.

FIG. 50 is an example flow diagram as per an aspect of an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. At 5010, a base station distributed unit mayreceive, from a base station central unit, at least one informationelement. The at least one information element may indicate deactivationof a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) packet duplication of atleast one first bearer of a wireless device. At 5020, the base stationdistributed unit may stop transmitting, based on the deactivation,duplicated PDCP packets of the at least one first bearer.

FIG. 51 is an example flow diagram as per an aspect of an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. At 5110, a base station central unit may receiveat least one first message from a second base station. The at least onefirst message may be for a wireless device. The at least one firstmessage may comprise a first aggregate maximum bit rate of the wirelessdevice at the first base station. The at least one first message may befor a wireless device. The at least one first message may comprise apacket data convergence protocol (PDCP) packet duplication parameterindicating that a first packet flow may comprise duplicated PDCPpackets. At 5120, the first base station receive the duplicated PDCPpackets of the first packet flow from the second base station. At 5130,the first base station may transmit the duplicated PDCP packets to thewireless device. At 5140, the first base station may determine that abit rate between the wireless device and the first base station exceedsthe first aggregate maximum bit rate. The determining may ignore, basedon the PDCP packet duplication parameter, the duplicated PDCP packets.At 5150, the first base station may limit the bit rate between thewireless device and the first base station based on the determining.

According to an example embodiment, the first base station may comprisea secondary base station for the wireless device. According to anexample embodiment, the second base station may comprise a master basestation for the wireless device. According to an example embodiment, thelimiting may prevent the bit rate from exceeding the first aggregatemaximum bit rate. According to an example embodiment, the first basestation may receive packets of the first packet flow from the wirelessdevice. According to an example embodiment, the first base station mayreceive uplink packets of the first packet flow from the wirelessdevice. The first base station may transmit the uplink packets to thesecond base station. According to an example embodiment, the first basestation may ignore the uplink packets when limiting the bit rate betweenthe wireless device and the first base station to the first aggregatemaximum bit rate.

According to an example embodiment, the first base station may receivedownlink packets of the first packet flow from the second base station.The first base station may transmit the downlink packets to the wirelessdevice. The first base station may ignore the downlink packets whenlimiting the bit rate between the wireless device and the first basestation to the first aggregate maximum bit rate. According to an exampleembodiment, the at least one first message may comprise a secondary basestation addition request message. The at least one first message maycomprise a secondary base station modification request message.

According to an example embodiment, the first packet flow may comprise aradio link control channel. According to an example embodiment, thefirst packet flow may comprise a logical channel. According to anexample embodiment, the first packet flow may comprise a radio bearer.According to an example embodiment, the first packet flow may comprise aquality-of-service flow. According to an example embodiment, the firstpacket flow may comprise a packet data unit session.

According to an example embodiment, the first aggregate maximum bit ratemay comprise a secondary base station user equipment aggregate maximumbit rate. According to an example embodiment, the at least one firstmessage may comprise one or more packet flow configuration parametersconfigured for a secondary cell group bearer. According to an exampleembodiment, the at least one first message may comprise one or morepacket flow configuration parameters configured for a split bearer.According to an example embodiment, the at least one first message maycomprise one or more packet flow configuration parameters configured fora secondary cell group split bearer. According to an example embodiment,the at least one first message may comprise one or more packet flowconfiguration parameters configured for a duplicated PDCP bearer.According to an example embodiment, the at least one first message maycomprise one or more packet flow configuration parameters configured foran original PDCP bearer for a PDCP duplication.

According to an example embodiment, the at least one first message maycomprise an identifier of the wireless device. According to an exampleembodiment, the at least one first message may comprise wireless devicesecurity capability information. According to an example embodiment, theat least one first message may comprise secondary base station securitykey information. According to an example embodiment, the at least onefirst message may comprise serving public land mobile networkinformation of the wireless device. According to an example embodiment,the at least one first message may comprise radio resource controlconfiguration information of the wireless device. According to anexample embodiment, the at least one first message may comprisesecondary cell group configuration information of the wireless device.According to an example embodiment, the at least one first message maycomprise closed cell group membership status information of the wirelessdevice.

According to an example embodiment, the at least one first message maycomprise a packet data unit session identifier of a packet data unitsession. According to an example embodiment, the at least one firstmessage may comprise quality of service parameters of the packet dataunit session. According to an example embodiment, the at least one firstmessage may comprise an uplink general packet radio service tunnelingprotocol tunnel endpoint identifier for the packet data unit session. Anexample general packet radio service tunneling protocol is GTP.According to an example embodiment, further comprising the first basestation may receive a second message from the second base station. Thesecond message may indicate activation of a PDCP packet duplication ofthe first packet flow.

According to an example embodiment, the first base station may transmitdownlink packets of the first packet flow to the wireless device inresponse to the second message. According to an example embodiment, thefirst base station may ignore the downlink packets when limiting the bitrate between the wireless device and the first base station to the firstaggregate maximum bit rate. According to an example embodiment, thefirst base station may receive by from the second base station, a secondmessage indicating deactivation of a PDCP packet duplication for thefirst packet flow. According to an example embodiment, the first basestation may stop transmission of downlink packets of the first packetflow to the wireless device in response to the second message. Accordingto an example embodiment, the second base station may transmit originalPDCP packets of the first packet flow to the wireless device. Accordingto an example embodiment, the second base station may receive originalPDCP packets of the first packet flow from the wireless device.

FIG. 52 is an example flow diagram as per an aspect of an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. At 5210, a base station central unit may receiveat least one first message from a second base station. The at least onefirst message may be for a wireless device. The at least one firstmessage may comprise a first aggregate maximum bit rate of the wirelessdevice at the first base station. The at least one first message may befor a wireless device. The at least one first message may comprise apacket data convergence protocol (PDCP) packet duplication parameterindicating that a first packet flow may comprise duplicated PDCPpackets. At 5220, the first base station receive packets of the firstpacket flow from the second base station. At 5230, the first basestation may transmit the packets to the wireless device. At 5240, thefirst base station may determine that a bit rate of the wireless deviceexceeds the first aggregate maximum bit rate. The determining mayignore, based on the PDCP packet duplication parameter, the packets ofthe first packet flow. At 5250, the first base station may limit a bitrate of data transfer to a wireless device based on the determining.

According to an example embodiment, the first base station may comprisea secondary base station for the wireless device. According to anexample embodiment, the second base station may comprise a master basestation for the wireless device. According to an example embodiment, thelimiting may prevent the bit rate from exceeding the first aggregatemaximum bit rate.

According to an example embodiment, the first base station may receivepackets of the first packet flow from the wireless device. According toan example embodiment, the first base station may receive uplink packetsof the first packet flow from the wireless device. According to anexample embodiment, the first base station may transmit the uplinkpackets to the second base station. According to an example embodiment,the first base station may ignore the uplink packets when limiting thebit rate between the wireless device and the first base station to thefirst aggregate maximum bit rate.

According to an example embodiment, the first base station may receivedownlink packets of the first packet flow from the second base station.According to an example embodiment, the first base station may transmitthe downlink packets to the wireless device. According to an exampleembodiment, the downlink packets may be ignored when limiting the bitrate between the wireless device and the first base station to the firstaggregate maximum bit rate.

According to an example embodiment, the at least one first message maycomprise a secondary base station addition request message. According toan example embodiment, the at least one first message may comprise asecondary base station modification request message.

According to an example embodiment, the first packet flow may comprise aradio link control channel. According to an example embodiment, thefirst packet flow may comprise a logical channel. According to anexample embodiment, the first packet flow may comprise a radio bearer.According to an example embodiment, the first packet flow may comprise aquality-of-service flow. According to an example embodiment, the firstpacket flow may comprise a packet data unit session. According to anexample embodiment, the first aggregate maximum bit rate may comprise asecondary base station user equipment aggregate maximum bit rate.

According to an example embodiment, the at least one first message maycomprise one or more packet flow configuration parameters. The one ormore packet flow configuration parameters may be configured for asecondary cell group bearer.

The one or more packet flow configuration parameters may be configuredfor a split bearer. The one or more packet flow configuration parametersmay be configured for a secondary cell group split bearer. The one ormore packet flow configuration parameters may be configured for aduplicated PDCP bearer. The one or more packet flow configurationparameters may be configured for an original PDCP bearer for a PDCPduplication.

According to an example embodiment, the at least one first message maycomprise an identifier of the wireless device. According to an exampleembodiment, the at least one first message may comprise wireless devicesecurity capability information. According to an example embodiment, theat least one first message may comprise secondary base station securitykey information. According to an example embodiment, the at least onefirst message may comprise serving public land mobile networkinformation of the wireless device. According to an example embodiment,the at least one first message may comprise radio resource controlconfiguration information of the wireless device. According to anexample embodiment, the at least one first message may comprisesecondary cell group configuration information of the wireless device.According to an example embodiment, the at least one first message maycomprise closed cell group membership status information of the wirelessdevice. According to an example embodiment, the at least one firstmessage may comprise a packet data unit session identifier of a packetdata unit session. According to an example embodiment, the at least onefirst message may comprise quality of service parameters of the packetdata unit session. According to an example embodiment, the at least onefirst message may comprise an uplink general packet radio servicetunneling protocol tunnel endpoint identifier for the packet data unitsession. An example general packet radio service tunneling protocol isGTP.

According to an example embodiment, the first base station may receivefrom the second base station, a second message indicating activation ofa PDCP packet duplication of the first packet flow. According to anexample embodiment, in response to the second message, the first basestation may transmit and, downlink packets of the first packet flow tothe wireless device. According to an example embodiment, the downlinkpackets may be ignored when limiting the bit rate between the wirelessdevice and the first base station to the first aggregate maximum bitrate. According to an example embodiment, first base station may receivefrom the second base station, a second message indicating deactivationof a PDCP packet duplication for the first packet flow. According to anexample embodiment, in response to the second message, the first basestation may stop transmission of downlink packets of the first packetflow to the wireless device. According to an example embodiment, thesecond base station may transmit to the wireless device, original PDCPpackets of the first packet flow. According to an example embodiment,the second base station may receive original PDCP packets of the firstpacket flow from the wireless device.

FIG. 53 is an example flow diagram as per an aspect of an embodiment ofthe present disclosure. At 5310, a first base station may receive atleast one first message from a second base station. The at least onefirst message may be for a wireless device. The at least one firstmessage may comprise a first aggregate maximum bit rate of the wirelessdevice at the first base station. The at least one first message may befor a wireless device. The at least one first message may comprise apacket data convergence protocol (PDCP) packet duplication parameterindicating that a first packet flow may comprise duplicated PDCPpackets. At 5320, the first base station may receive the duplicated PDCPpackets of the first packet flow from the second base station. At 5330,may the first base station transmit the duplicated PDCP packets to thewireless device. At 5340, the first base station may determine that abit rate of the wireless device exceeds the first aggregate maximum bitrate. The determining may ignore, based on the PDCP packet duplicationparameter, the duplicated PDCP packets. At 5350, the first base stationmay limit the bit rate of the wireless device based on the determining.

Embodiments may be configured to operate as needed. The disclosedmechanism may be performed when certain criteria are met, for example,in a wireless device, a base station, a radio environment, a network, acombination of the above, and/or the like. Example criteria may bebased, at least in part, on for example, wireless device or network nodeconfigurations, traffic load, initial system set up, packet sizes,traffic characteristics, a combination of the above, and/or the like.When the one or more criteria are met, various example embodiments maybe applied. Therefore, it may be possible to implement exampleembodiments that selectively implement disclosed protocols.

A base station may communicate with a mix of wireless devices. Wirelessdevices and/or base stations may support multiple technologies, and/ormultiple releases of the same technology. Wireless devices may have somespecific capability(ies) depending on wireless device category and/orcapability(ies). A base station may comprise multiple sectors. When thisdisclosure refers to a base station communicating with a plurality ofwireless devices, this disclosure may refer to a subset of the totalwireless devices in a coverage area. This disclosure may refer to, forexample, a plurality of wireless devices of a given LTE or 5G releasewith a given capability and in a given sector of the base station. Theplurality of wireless devices in this disclosure may refer to a selectedplurality of wireless devices, and/or a subset of total wireless devicesin a coverage area which perform according to disclosed methods, and/orthe like. There may be a plurality of base stations or a plurality ofwireless devices in a coverage area that may not comply with thedisclosed methods, for example, because those wireless devices or basestations perform based on older releases of LTE or 5G technology.

In this disclosure, “a” and “an” and similar phrases are to beinterpreted as “at least one” and “one or more.” Similarly, any termthat ends with the suffix “(s)” is to be interpreted as “at least one”and “one or more.” In this disclosure, the term “may” is to beinterpreted as “may, for example.” In other words, the term “may” isindicative that the phrase following the term “may” is an example of oneof a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or may not, beemployed to one or more of the various embodiments.

If A and B are sets and every element of A is also an element of B, A iscalled a subset of B. In this specification, only non-empty sets andsubsets are considered. For example, possible subsets of B={cell1,cell2} are: {cell1}, {cell2}, and {cell1, cell2}. The phrase “based on”(or equally “based at least on”) is indicative that the phrase followingthe term “based on” is an example of one of a multitude of suitablepossibilities that may, or may not, be employed to one or more of thevarious embodiments. The phrase “in response to” (or equally “inresponse at least to”) is indicative that the phrase following thephrase “in response to” is an example of one of a multitude of suitablepossibilities that may, or may not, be employed to one or more of thevarious embodiments. The phrase “depending on” (or equally “depending atleast to”) is indicative that the phrase following the phrase “dependingon” is an example of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities thatmay, or may not, be employed to one or more of the various embodiments.The phrase “employing/using” (or equally “employing/using at least”) isindicative that the phrase following the phrase “employing/using” is anexample of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or maynot, be employed to one or more of the various embodiments.

The term configured may relate to the capacity of a device whether thedevice is in an operational or non-operational state. Configured mayalso refer to specific settings in a device that effect the operationalcharacteristics of the device whether the device is in an operational ornon-operational state. In other words, the hardware, software, firmware,registers, memory values, and/or the like may be “configured” within adevice, whether the device is in an operational or nonoperational state,to provide the device with specific characteristics. Terms such as “acontrol message to cause in a device” may mean that a control messagehas parameters that may be used to configure specific characteristics ormay be used to implement certain actions in the device, whether thedevice is in an operational or non-operational state

In this disclosure, various embodiments are disclosed. Limitations,features, and/or elements from the disclosed example embodiments may becombined to create further embodiments within the scope of thedisclosure.

In this disclosure, parameters (or equally called, fields, orInformation elements: IEs) may comprise one or more information objects,and an information object may comprise one or more other objects. Forexample, if parameter (IE) N comprises parameter (IE) M, and parameter(IE) M comprises parameter (IE) K, and parameter (IE) K comprisesparameter (information element) J. Then, for example, N comprises K, andN comprises J. In an example embodiment, when one or more (or at leastone) message(s) comprise a plurality of parameters, it implies that aparameter in the plurality of parameters is in at least one of the oneor more messages, but does not have to be in each of the one or moremessages. In an example embodiment, when one or more (or at least one)message(s) indicate a value, event and/or condition, it implies that thevalue, event and/or condition is indicated by at least one of the one ormore messages, but does not have to be indicated by each of the one ormore messages.

Furthermore, many features presented above are described as beingoptional through the use of “may” or the use of parentheses. For thesake of brevity and legibility, the present disclosure does notexplicitly recite each and every permutation that may be obtained bychoosing from the set of optional features. However, the presentdisclosure is to be interpreted as explicitly disclosing all suchpermutations. For example, a system described as having three optionalfeatures may be embodied in seven different ways, namely with just oneof the three possible features, with any two of the three possiblefeatures or with all three of the three possible features.

Many of the elements described in the disclosed embodiments may beimplemented as modules. A module is defined here as an element thatperforms a defined function and has a defined interface to otherelements. The modules described in this disclosure may be implemented inhardware, software in combination with hardware, firmware, wetware (i.e.hardware with a biological element) or a combination thereof, all ofwhich may be behaviorally equivalent. For example, modules may beimplemented as a software routine written in a computer languageconfigured to be executed by a hardware machine (such as C, C++,Fortran, Java, Basic, Matlab or the like) or a modeling/simulationprogram such as Simulink, Stateflow, GNU Octave, or LabVIEWMathScript.Additionally, it may be possible to implement modules using physicalhardware that incorporates discrete or programmable analog, digitaland/or quantum hardware. Examples of programmable hardware comprise:computers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, application-specificintegrated circuits (ASICs); field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs); andcomplex programmable logic devices (CPLDs). Computers, microcontrollersand microprocessors are programmed using languages such as assembly, C,C++ or the like. FPGAs, ASICs and CPLDs are often programmed usinghardware description languages (HDL) such as VHSIC hardware descriptionlanguage (VHDL) or Verilog that configure connections between internalhardware modules with lesser functionality on a programmable device. Theabove mentioned technologies are often used in combination to achievethe result of a functional module.

The disclosure of this patent document incorporates material which issubject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection tothe facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or thepatent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Officepatent file or records, for the limited purposes required by law, butotherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.

While various embodiments have been described above, it should beunderstood that they have been presented by way of example, and notlimitation. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevantart(s) that various changes in form and detail can be made thereinwithout departing from the scope. In fact, after reading the abovedescription, it will be apparent to one skilled in the relevant art(s)how to implement alternative embodiments. Thus, the present embodimentsshould not be limited by any of the above described exemplaryembodiments.

In addition, it should be understood that any figures which highlightthe functionality and advantages, are presented for example purposesonly. The disclosed architecture is sufficiently flexible andconfigurable, such that it may be utilized in ways other than thatshown. For example, the actions listed in any flowchart may bere-ordered or only optionally used in some embodiments.

Further, the purpose of the Abstract of the Disclosure is to enable theU.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally, andespecially the scientists, engineers and practitioners in the art whoare not familiar with patent or legal terms or phraseology, to determinequickly from a cursory inspection the nature and essence of thetechnical disclosure of the application. The Abstract of the Disclosureis not intended to be limiting as to the scope in any way.

Finally, it is the applicant's intent that only claims that include theexpress language “means for” or “step for” be interpreted under 35U.S.C. 112. Claims that do not expressly include the phrase “means for”or “step for” are not to be interpreted under 35 U.S.C. 112.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: receiving, by a base stationdistributed unit from a base station central unit, at least oneinformation element indicating activation of a packet data convergenceprotocol (PDCP) packet duplication of at least one bearer of a wirelessdevice; and transmitting, by the base station distributed unit and basedon the activation: PDCP packets of the at least one bearer; andduplicated PDCP packets of the at least one bearer.
 2. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising transmitting, by the base stationdistributed unit to the wireless device and based on the at least oneinformation element indicating the activation of the PDCP packetduplication, a medium access control control element indicating theactivation of the PDCP packet duplication of the at least one bearer. 3.The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one bearer comprises atleast one of: a signaling radio bearer; or a data radio bearer.
 4. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, by the base stationdistributed unit from the base station central unit, at least one secondinformation element indicating deactivation of the PDCP packetduplication of the at least one bearer of the wireless device; andstopping transmitting, by the base station distributed unit and based onthe deactivation, duplicated PDCP packets of the at least one bearer. 5.The method of claim 2, further comprising receiving, by the base stationdistributed unit and based on the medium access control control element:PDCP packets of the at least one bearer; and duplicated PDCP packets ofthe at least one bearer.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the at leastone bearer comprises at least one of: a signaling radio bearer; or adata radio bearer.
 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising:receiving, by the base station distributed unit from the base stationcentral unit, at least one second information element indicatingdeactivation of the PDCP packet duplication of the at least one bearerof the wireless device; and stopping transmitting, by the base stationdistributed unit and based on the deactivation, duplicated PDCP packetsof the at least one bearer.
 8. A base station distributed unit,comprising: one or more processors; and a memory storing instructionsthat, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the basestation distributed unit to: receive, from a base station central unit,at least one information element indicating activation of a packet dataconvergence protocol (PDCP) packet duplication of at least one bearer ofa wireless device; and transmit, based on the activation: PDCP packetsof the at least one bearer; and duplicated PDCP packets of the at leastone bearer.
 9. The base station distributed unit of claim 8, wherein theinstructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further causethe base station distributed unit to transmit, to the wireless deviceand based on the at least one information element indicating theactivation of the PDCP packet duplication, a medium access controlcontrol element indicating the activation of the PDCP packet duplicationof the at least one bearer.
 10. The base station distributed unit ofclaim 8, wherein the at least one bearer comprises at least one of: asignaling radio bearer; or a data radio bearer.
 11. The base stationdistributed unit of claim 8, wherein the instructions, when executed bythe one or more processors, further cause the base station distributedunit to: receive, unit from the base station central unit, at least onesecond information element indicating deactivation of the PDCP packetduplication of the at least one bearer of the wireless device; and stoptransmitting, based on the deactivation, duplicated PDCP packets of theat least one bearer.
 12. The base station distributed unit of claim 9,wherein the instructions, when executed by the one or more processors,further cause the base station distributed unit to: receive, by the basestation distributed unit and based on the medium access control controlelement: PDCP packets of the at least one bearer; and duplicated PDCPpackets of the at least one bearer.
 13. The base station distributedunit of claim 12, wherein the at least one bearer comprises at least oneof: a signaling radio bearer; or a data radio bearer.
 14. The basestation distributed unit of claim 13, wherein the instructions, whenexecuted by the one or more processors, further cause the base stationdistributed unit to: receive, by the base station distributed unit fromthe base station central unit, at least one second information elementindicating deactivation of the PDCP packet duplication of the at leastone bearer of the wireless device; and stop the transmission, by thebase station distributed unit and based on the deactivation, ofduplicated PDCP packets of the at least one bearer.
 15. A methodcomprising: transmitting, by a base station central unit to a basestation distributed unit, at least one information element indicatingactivation of a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) packetduplication of at least one bearer of a wireless device; and receiving,by the base station central unit and based on the activation: PDCPpackets of the at least one bearer; and duplicated PDCP packets of theat least one bearer.
 16. The method of claim 15, further comprisingtransmitting, by the base station central unit to the base stationdistributed unit, at least one bearer configuration information elementindicating that the PDCP packet duplication is configured for the atleast one bearer.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least onebearer comprises at least one of: a signaling radio bearer; or a dataradio bearer.
 18. The method of claim 15, further comprisingtransmitting, by the base station central unit to the base stationdistributed unit, at least one second information element indicatingdeactivation of the PDCP packet duplication of the at least one bearerof the wireless device.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the at leastone bearer comprises at least one of: a signaling radio bearer; or adata radio bearer.
 20. The method of claim 19, further comprisingtransmitting, by the base station central unit to the base stationdistributed unit, at least one second information element indicatingdeactivation of the PDCP packet duplication of the at least one bearerof the wireless device.